Automatic and controlled processes: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 21:08, 7 December 2019

Revision as of 00:48, 8 December 2019

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===Automatic processes===

When examining the label "automatic" in social psychology, we find that some processes are intended, and others require recent conscious and intentional processing of related information. Automatic processes are more complicated than people may think.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fridland|first=Ellen|date=November 2017-11|title=Automatically minded|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11229-014-0617-9|journal=Synthese|language=en|volume=194|issue=11|pages=4337–4363|doi=10.1007/s11229-014-0617-9|issn=0039-7857}}</ref> Some examples of automatic processes include motor skills, implicit biases, procedural tasks, and priming.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Trumpp|first=Natalie M.|last2=Traub|first2=Felix|last3=Kiefer|first3=Markus|date=2013-05-31|editor-last=Chao|editor-first=Linda|title=Masked Priming of Conceptual Features Reveals Differential Brain Activation during Unconscious Access to Conceptual Action and Sound Information|url=https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065910|journal=PLoS ONE|language=en|volume=8|issue=5|pages=e65910|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0065910|issn=1932-6203|pmc=PMC36692393669239|pmid=23741518}}</ref>  The tasks that are listed can be down without the need for conscious attention. Implicit biases are snap judgments that people make without being aware that they made them. An example of an implicit bias is when someone is walking down the street and they see a black person. The person might automatically cross the street or they might be scared of that individual. This is all done in a fraction of a second without the person even knowing they are making that judgment about the black person. Priming is when a stimulus from the environment changes the way one someone reacts to another stimulus.  An example of this is when someone sees a fast food sign and realizes they are hungry. This causes them to stop and get something to eat.

That being said automatic effects fall into three classes: Those that occur prior to conscious awareness (preconscious); those that require some form of conscious processing but that produce an unintended outcome (postconscious); and those that require a specific type of intentional, goal directed processing (goal-dependent).

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===Controlled processes===

One definition of a controlled process is an intentionally-initiated sequence of cognitive activities.<ref name=Scneider>{{cite journal|last=Schneider|first=Shiffrin|title=Controlled Automatic Human Information Processing|year=1977|issue=I. Detection, Search, and Attention}}</ref> In other words, when attention is required for a task, we are consciously aware and in control. Controlled processes require us to think about situations, evaluate and make decisions. An example would be reading this article. We are required to read and understand the concepts of these processes and it takes effort to think conceptually. Controlled processes are thought to be slower, since by definition they require effortful control; therefore, they generally cannot be conducted simultaneously with other controlled processes without task-switching or impaired performance. So the drawback of controlled processes is that humans are thought to have a [[Cognitive load|limited capacity]] for overtly controlling behavior. Being tightly capacity-limited, controlled processing imposes considerable limitations on speed and the ability to have divided attention. Divided attention is the ability to switch between tasks. Some tasks are easier to perform with other tasks like talking and driving.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schneider|first=Walter|last2=Chein|first2=Jason M.|date=May 2003-05|title=Controlled & automatic processing: behavior, theory, and biological mechanisms|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog2703_8|journal=Cognitive Science|volume=27|issue=3|pages=525–559|doi=10.1207/s15516709cog2703_8|issn=0364-0213}}</ref> Holding a conversation, however, becomes more difficult when traffic increases because of the need to focus more on driving than on talking.

Forster and Lavie found that the ability to focus on a task is influenced by processing capacity and perceptual load.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Forster|first=Sophie|last2=Lavie|first2=Nilli|date=March 2008-03|title=Failures to ignore entirely irrelevant distractors: The role of load.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1076-898x.14.1.73|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied|volume=14|issue=1|pages=73–83|doi=10.1037/1076-898x.14.1.73|issn=1939-2192}}</ref> Processing capacity is the amount of incoming information a person can process or handle at one time.  Perceptual load is how difficult the task is. A low load task is when one can think less about the task they are involved in.  A high load task is when one needs to devot all their focus to the task. If they become distracted then they wont be able to accomplish the task.

. In a study, participants were randomly assigned into two conditions, one requiring one task (small cognitive load) and one requiring two tasks (heavy cognitive load). In the one-task condition, participants were told that they would hear an anti- or pro-abortion speech and would have to diagnose the speaker's attitude toward abortion. The two-task condition had the same first assignment, but they were required to switch spots with the speaker and take their place after that. Even after being specifically told that they would be given further instructions at the next step, their cognitive load was affected in this study. Participants in the two-task condition performed more poorly than the one-task condition simply because they had the next task on their mind (they had extra cognitive load). Basically, the more tasks someone tries to manage at the same time, the more their performance will suffer.

===Processes with ambiguous categorization===

Some actions utilize a combination of automatic and controlled processes. One example is brushing your teeth. At any point, you could think about each tooth as you individually scrub them, but for the most part, the action is automatic.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jansma|first=Johan Martijn|last2=Ramsey|first2=Nick F.|last3=Slagter|first3=Heleen A.|last4=Kahn|first4=Rene S.|date=August 2001-08|title=Functional Anatomical Correlates of Controlled and Automatic Processing|url=http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/10.1162/08989290152541403|journal=Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience|language=en|volume=13|issue=6|pages=730–743|doi=10.1162/08989290152541403|issn=0898-929X}}</ref> Another example is playing a musical instrument. After learning where your fingers should be placed and how to play certain notes you no longer have to think about what your fingers are doing.  Your controlled process are then engaged in thinking about dynamics and intonation. Some processes can even start as controlled and become more automatic. Some cognitive processes are difficult to categorize as distinctly automatic or controlled, either because they contain components of both types of process or because the phenomena are difficult to define or observe. An example of the former is driving a car. An example of the latter is [[Flow (psychology)|flow]].

Process of breathing, automatic, and controlled, easily observed.