Ensemble coding: Difference between revisions

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'''Ensemble coding''', also known as '''ensemble perception''' or '''summary representation''', is the ability to see the average or variance of a group of objects. It is a theory that suggests that people process the general gist of their complex visual surroundings by grouping objects together based on shared properties. It has been demonstrated that individuals have the ability quickly and accurately encode ensembles and gather summary statistical information (like the mean and variance) from groups of stimuli.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Alt NP, Goodale B, Lick DJ, Johnson KL |date= March 2019 |title=Threat in the Company of Men: Ensemble Perception and Threat Evaluations of Groups Varying in Sex Ratio|journal=Social Psychological and Personality Science|language=en|volume=10|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1177/1948550617731498|issn=1948-5506}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Alvarez GA | title = Representing multiple objects as an ensemble enhances visual cognition | language = en-US | journal = Trends in Cognitive Sciences | volume = 15 | issue = 3 | pages = 122–31 | date = March 2011 | pmid = 21292539 | doi = 10.1016/j.tics.2011.01.003 | url = https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/41364280 }}</ref> The world is filled with redundant information of which ourthe human [[visual systemssystem]] havehas become particularly sensitive to.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Whitney D, Haberman J, Sweeny T. 2014. From textures to crowds: multiple levels of summary statistical

perception. In The New Visual Neuroscience, ed. JS Werner, LM Chalupa, pp. 695–710. Cambridge, MA:

MIT Press</ref> It has been demonstrated that individuals have the ability quickly and accurately encode ensembles and gather summary statistical information (like the mean and variance) from groups of stimuli.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Alt NP, Goodale B, Lick DJ, Johnson KL |date= March 2019 |title=Threat in the Company of Men: Ensemble Perception and Threat Evaluations of Groups Varying in Sex Ratio|journal=Social Psychological and Personality Science|language=en|volume=10|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1177/1948550617731498|issn=1948-5506}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Alvarez GA | title = Representing multiple objects as an ensemble enhances visual cognition | language = en-US | journal = Trends in Cognitive Sciences | volume = 15 | issue = 3 | pages = 122–31 | date = March 2011 | pmid = 21292539 | doi = 10.1016/j.tics.2011.01.003 | url = https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/41364280 }}</ref> Ensemble coding is an adaptive process that lightens cognitive effort in processing and storing visual representations through the use of [[Heuristic|heuristics]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Haberman J, Whitney D | title = Seeing the mean: ensemble coding for sets of faces | journal = Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance | volume = 35 | issue = 3 | pages = 718–34 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19485687 | pmc = 2696629 | doi = 10.1037/a0013899 }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Kw9pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA339&dq=haberman+#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=From Perception to Consciousness: Searching with Anne Treisman |last=Wolfe |first=Jeremy |last2=Robertson |first2=Lynn | name-list-format = vanc |date=2011-12-29|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-990984-1|language=en}}</ref>

== Definition ==

David Whitney and Allison Yamanashi Lieb have developed an operational and flexible definition stating that, “...ensemble coding should include the following five concepts:

* Ensemble perception is the ability to discriminate or reproduce a statistical moment.

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== Opposing theories ==

Some research has found countering evidence to the theory of ensemble coding.

=== Limited visual capacity ===

[[Vision science]] has noted that although humans take in large amounts of visual information, adults are only able to process, attend to, and hold in memory up to roughly four items from the visual environment.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Alvarez GA, Cavanagh P | title = The capacity of visual short-term memory is set both by visual information load and by number of objects | language = en-US | journal = Psychological Science | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 106–11 | date = February 2004 | pmid = 14738517 | doi = 10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.01502006.x | url = http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:41302706 }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | vauthors = Luck SJ, Vogel EK | title = The capacity of visual working memory for features and conjunctions | journal = Nature | volume = 390 | issue = 6657 | pages = 279–81 | date = November 1997 | pmid = 9384378 | doi = 10.1038/36846 | bibcode = 1997Natur.390..279L }}</ref> Furthermore, scientists have found that this visual upper limit capacity exists across various phenomena including [[change blindness]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=O'Regan |first=J. Kevin |last2=Deubel |first2=Heiner |last3=Clark |first3=James J. |last4=Rensink |first4=Ronald A. | name-list-format = vanc |date=2000-01-01|title=Picture Changes During Blinks: Looking Without Seeing and Seeing Without Looking|journal=Visual Cognition|volume=7|issue=1–3|pages=191–211|doi=10.1080/135062800394766|issn=1350-6285}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Simons DJ, Chabris CF | title = Gorillas in our midst: sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events | journal = Perception | volume = 28 | issue = 9 | pages = 1059–74 | date = 1999-09-01 | pmid = 10694957 | doi = 10.1068/p281059 | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/44886a79b858115854c6c949c3799c2148016b75 }}</ref> [[Object tracking|object-tracking]],<ref name="Scholl_1999">{{cite journal | vauthors = Scholl BJ, Pylyshyn ZW | title = Tracking multiple items through occlusion: clues to visual objecthood | journal = Cognitive Psychology | volume = 38 | issue = 2 | pages = 259–90 | date = March 1999 | pmid = 10090804 | doi = 10.1006/cogp.1998.0698 }}</ref> and feature representation.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

=== Low resolution representations and limited capacity ===

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== Levels ==

People have the ability to encode summaryensembles statisticsof objects along various dimensions of ensemble coding.<ref name=":0" /> These dimensions have been divided into levels.

=== Low ===