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'''Ensemble coding''', also known as '''ensemble perception''' or '''summary representation''', is the ability to see the average or variance of a group of objects. There is extensive amounts of information available to the [[visual system]]. Ensemble coding is a theory that suggests that people process the general gist of their complex visual surroundings by grouping objects together based on shared properties. The world is filled with redundant information of which the human [[visual system]] has become particularly sensitive to <ref name="Whitney_2014" /><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Whitney D, Haberman J, Sweeny T | date = 2014 | chapter = From textures to crowds: multiple levels of summary statistical perception. | title = In The New Visual Neuroscience | veditors = Werner JS, Chalupa LM | pages = 695–710 | ___location = Cambridge, MA | publisher = MIT Press }}</ref>. The brain exploits this redundancy and condenses the information. For example, the leaves of a tree or blades of grass give rise to the percept of 'tree-ness' and 'lawn-ness' <ref name="Haberman_2012">{{cite book |last=Haberman |first=Jason |last2=Whitney |first2=David| name-list-format = vanc | chapter = Ensemble Perception |date = May 2012 | chapter-url = http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199734337.001.0001/acprof-9780199734337-chapter-30 | title = From Perception to Consciousness |pages=339–349 |editor-last=Wolfe |editor-first=Jeremy |editor2-last=Robertson |editor2-first=Lynn |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199734337.003.0030 |isbn=978-0-19-973433-7|access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref>. It has been demonstrated that individuals have the ability quickly and accurately encode ensembles of objects, like leaves on a tree, and gather summary statistical information (like the mean and variance) from groups of stimuli <ref name=":5">{{cite journal| vauthors = Alt NP, Goodale B, Lick DJ, Johnson KL |date= March 2019 |title=Threat in the Company of Men: Ensemble Perception and Threat Evaluations of Groups Varying in Sex Ratio|journal=Social Psychological and Personality Science| |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=152–159 |doi=10.1177/1948550617731498 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Alvarez GA | title = Representing multiple objects as an ensemble enhances visual cognition | language = en-US | journal = Trends in Cognitive Sciences | volume = 15 | issue = 3 | pages = 122–31 | date = March 2011 | pmid = 21292539 | doi = 10.1016/j.tics.2011.01.003 | url = https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/41364280 }}</ref>. Some research suggests that this process provides rough visual information from the entire [[visual field]] giving way to a complete and accurate picture of the visual world <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chong SC, Treisman A | title = Representation of statistical properties | journal = Vision Research | volume = 43 | issue = 4 | pages = 393–404 | date = February 2003 | pmid = 12535996 | doi = 10.1016/S0042-6989(02)00596-5 | url = https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0042698902005965 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Haberman J, Whitney D | title = Seeing the mean: ensemble coding for sets of faces | journal = Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance | volume = 35 | issue = 3 | pages = 718–34 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19485687 | pmc = 2696629 | doi = 10.1037/a0013899 }}</ref>. Although, the individual details of this accurate picture might be inaccessible, the 'gist' of the scene remains accessible <ref name="Haberman_2012" />. Ensemble coding is an adaptive process that lightens the [[cognitive load]] in the processing and storing of visual representations through the use of [[Heuristic|heuristics]] <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Haberman J, Whitney D | title = Seeing the mean: ensemble coding for sets of faces | journal = Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance | volume = 35 | issue = 3 | pages = 718–34 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19485687 | pmc = 2696629 | doi = 10.1037/a0013899 }}</ref><ref name="Wolfe_2011">{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/?id=Kw9pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA339&dq=haberman+#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=From Perception to Consciousness: Searching with Anne Treisman |last=Wolfe |first=Jeremy |last2=Robertson |first2=Lynn | name-list-format = vanc |date= December 2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-990984-1|language=en}}</ref>.
== Operational Definition ==
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Based on the early work of Anderson <ref name=":1" />, it appears that humans integrate semantic as well as social information using ensemble coding. These findings suggest, that social processes may hinge on the same sort of underlying mechanisms that allow people to perceive average object orientation <ref name="Dakin_1997" /> and direction of motion <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name="Haberman_2012" />.
In recent years, ensemble coding in the field of [[social vision]] has emerged. Social vision is a field of research that examines how people perceive one another. With the addition of ensemble coding, the field is able to explore people perception, or how people perceive groups of other people. This specific research area focuses on how observers accurately perceive and extract social information from groups and how that influences downstream judgments and behaviors <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Goodale|first=Brianna M.|last2=Alt|first2=Nicholas P.|last3=Lick|first3=David J.|last4=Johnson|first4=Kerri L.|date=2018-11|title=Groups at a glance: Perceivers infer social belonging in a group based on perceptual summaries of sex ratio.|url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/xge0000450|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: General|language=en|volume=147|issue=11|pages=1660–1676|doi=10.1037/xge0000450|issn=1939-2222}}</ref>. In 2018, seminal research combining ensemble coding and social vision was conducted by Briana Goodale. This research examined that humans can accurately extract sex ratio summaries from ensembles of faces and how this sex ratio provides an early visual cue signaling sense of belonging and fit within group <ref name=":4" />.
Additional research has discovered that in as little as 75 milliseconds, participants are able to derive the average sex ratio of an ensemble of faces <ref name=":5" />. Furthermore, within that 75 milliseconds, participants formed impressions based on the perceived sex ratio and made inferences of the groups perceived threat <ref name=":5" />.
== References ==
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