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===Expertise-induced amnesia===
[[File:Sid the Kid.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sidney Crosby]] in Vancouver, playing for [[Canada men's national ice hockey team|Team Canada]]]]
This phenomenon is based on the assumption that reducing or diverting the amount of [[attention]] paid to material being encoded and stored will reduce the quality and quantity of the later retrieval of that material in a form that is explicit and reportable. So, if a well learned skill is stored as a procedural memory, and its retrieval and subsequent performance is mostly unconscious and automatic, there is evidence showing that the explicit recollection of what happened during the performance will be reduced.<ref name="choking"/> A recent example illustrates this concept nicely. Immediately following [[Sidney Crosby]]'s overtime goal against the USA, winning the [[2010 Olympic]] Gold Medal for Canada in men's ice hockey, a reporter with [[The Sports Network|TSN]] did an on-ice interview with Crosby: "Sid, if you can, just take us through how that goal went in?" Crosby replied: "I don't really remember, I just shot it – I think from around here. That's all I really remember. I think it went 5-hole, but, um, I didn't really see it to be honest."<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.ctvolympics.ca/video/index.html?assetid=993f323f-81b4-408a-b20c-9efcfb161fa2 | title=Sports News, Opinion, Scores, Schedules}}</ref>
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{{details|topic=the Striatum|Striatum}}
{{details|topic=the Basal Ganglia|Basal ganglia}}
[[File:Basal
The [[dorsolateral]] striatum is associated with the acquisition of habits and is the main neuronal cell nucleus linked to procedural memory. Connecting excitatory [[afferent nerve fiber]]s help in the regulation of activity in the basal ganglia circuit. Essentially, two parallel information processing pathways diverge from the striatum. Both acting in opposition to each other in the control of movement, they allow for association with other needed functional structures<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Alexander | first1 = GE | last2 = Crutcher | first2 = MD | year = 1990 | title = Functional architecture of basal ganglia circuits; neural substrates of parallel processing | url = | journal = Trends Neurosci | volume = 13 | issue = 7| pages = 266–271 | doi=10.1016/0166-2236(90)90107-l | pmid=1695401}}</ref> One pathway is direct while the other is indirect and all pathways work together to allow for a functional neural feedback loop. Many looping circuits connect back at the striatum from other areas of the brain; including those from the emotion-center linked limbic cortex, the reward-center linked [[ventral striatum]] and other important motor regions related to movement.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Haber | first1 = SN | last2 = Fudge | first2 = JL | last3 = McFarland | first3 = NR | year = 2000 | title = Striatonigrostriatal pathways in primates form an ascending spiral from the shell to the dorsolateral striatum | url = | journal = J. Neurosci. | volume = 20 | issue = 6| pages = 2369–2382 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-06-02369.2000 }}</ref> The main looping circuit involved in the motor skill part of procedural memory is usually called the cortex-basal ganglia-thalamus-cortex loop.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Parent | first1 = A | year = 1990 | title = Extrinsic connections of the basal ganglia | url = | journal = Trends Neurosci | volume = 13 | issue = 7| pages = 254–258 | doi=10.1016/0166-2236(90)90105-j| pmid = 1695399 }}</ref>
The striatum is unique because it lacks the [[glutamate]]-related neurons found throughout most of the brain. Instead, it is categorized by a high concentration of a special type of [[GABA]] related inhibiting cell known as the [[medium spiny neuron]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Smith | first1 = Y. | last2 = Raju | first2 = D. V. | last3 = Pare | first3 = J. F. | last4 = Sidibe | first4 = M. | year = 2004 | title = The thalamostriatal system: a highly specific network of the basal ganglia circuitry | url = | journal = Trends Neurosci | volume = 27 | issue = 9| pages = 520–527 | doi=10.1016/j.tins.2004.07.004| pmid = 15331233 }}</ref> The two parallel pathways previously mentioned travel to and from the striatum and are made up of these same special medium spiny neurons. These neurons are all sensitive to different neurotransmitters and contain a variety of corresponding receptors including dopamine receptors ([[DRD1]], [[DRD2]]), [[
Current understanding of brain anatomy and physiology suggests that striatal neural plasticity is what allows basal ganglia circuits to communicate between structures and to functionally operate in procedural memory processing.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kreitzer | first1 = AC | year = 2009 | title = Physiology and pharmacology of striatal neurons | url = | journal = Rev Neurosci | volume = 32 | issue = | pages = 127–47 | doi=10.1146/annurev.neuro.051508.135422| pmid = 19400717 }}</ref>
===Cerebellum===
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Language works because of the brain’s ability to retrieve pieces of information from memory and then combine those pieces into a larger, more complex unit based on context. The latter part of this process is called unification.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hagoort | first1 = Peter | title = MUC (Memory, Unification, Control) and beyond | journal = Frontiers in Psychology | volume = 4 | year = 2013 | pages = 416 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00416| pmid = 23874313 | pmc = 3709422 }}</ref> Results of several studies provide evidence that suggests procedural memory is not only responsible for sequential unification, but for syntactic priming and grammatical processing as well.
One study used patients with [[Korsakoff’s syndrome]] to show that procedural memory subserves [[syntactic priming]]. Although Korsakoff’s patients have deficits in declarative memory, their nondeclarative memory is preserved, allowing them to successfully complete syntactic priming tasks, as in the study. This result proves syntactic priming is a nondeclarative memory function. These patients were also capable of forming proper grammatical sentences, suggesting that procedural memory is responsible for grammatical processing in addition to syntactic priming.<ref>{{cite journal
Another study’s results support the hypothesis that procedural memory subserves grammar. The study involved a series of tests for two groups: one typically developing (TD) group and one group with developmental language disorder (DLD). Those with DLD have difficulty with proper grammar usage, due to deficits in procedural memory function. Overall, the TD group performed better on each task and displayed better speed in grammatical processing than the DLD group. Therefore, this study shows that grammatical processing is a function of procedural memory.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Clark | first1 = Gillian M. | last2 = Lum | first2 = Jarrad A.G. | title = Procedural memory and speed of grammatical processing: Comparison between typically developing children and language impaired children | journal = Research in Developmental Disabilities | volume = 71 | year = 2017 | pages = 237–247 | doi = 10.1016/j.ridd.2017.10.015 | pmid = 29073489 | url = }}</ref>
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