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Moderation Management was founded by Audrey Kishline, a problem drinker, who did not identify with the [[disease theory of alcoholism]] finding that it eroded her [[self-confidence]]. Kishline found that she could moderate her drinking with the help of [[cognitive behavioral therapy]] principles and in 1994 created Moderation Management as an organization for non-dependent problem drinkers to help maintain moderate alcohol use. MM maintains, however, that it is not for all problem drinkers; that there are some drinkers for whom abstinence will be the only solution.<ref name="HUMPHREYS2004">{{Cite book|last=Humphreys |first=Keith |title=Circles of Recovery: Self-Help Organizations for Addictions |year=2004 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-79277-6 |chapter=Chapter 2: An international tour of addiction-related mutual-help organizations: Moderation Management |pages=70–73}}</ref>
Kishline had asked many [[Mental health professional|professionals]] for advice while she was establishing the fellowship, including psychologist [[Jeffrey Schaler]], who wrote the foreword for the first edition of the book, ''Moderate Drinking,'' used in the organization and served on the original board of [[trustee]]s for MM.<ref name="SCHALER1994">{{Cite book|last=Schaler |first=Jeffrey A. |title=Moderate Drinking: The New Option for Problem Drinkers |chapter=Foreword |publisher=See Sharp Press |editor=Kishline, Audrey |year=1994 |edition=First |chapter-url=http://www.schaler.net/Kishlineforeword.htm}}</ref>
In January 2000 Kishline posted a message to an official MM [[email list]] stating that she had concluded her best drinking goal was abstinence and that she would begin attending [[Alcoholics Anonymous]], [[SMART Recovery]] and [[Women for Sobriety]] meetings while continuing to support MM for others.<ref name="KISHLINE2000">{{cite mailing list | url = http://www.doctordeluca.com/Documents/KishlineToldMM.htm | title = Announcement from Audrey | mailinglist = Moderation Management | date = 2000-01-20 | last = Kishline |first = Audrey |archive-date=2001-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010306062247/http://www.doctordeluca.com/Documents/KishlineToldMM.htm}}</ref> In March 2000, while drunk,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Girvan|first=Amy|date=March 2015|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|title=The next AA? Welcome to Moderation Management, where abstinence from alcohol isn't the answer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/mar/16/the-next-aa-moderation-management-abstinence-alcohol-isnt-the-answer|accessdate=2017-12-29|quote=After starting MM, Kishline left the group, realizing that she could not moderate her drinking after all. She returned to AA, then fell off the wagon, drunk-driving in March 2000 and killing a man and his 12-year-old daughter.}}</ref> she drove her truck the wrong way down a highway, and hit another vehicle head-on killing its two passengers (a father and his twelve-year-old daughter). MM continued to grow during Kishline's time in prison.<ref name="HUMPHREYS2004"/> She was released in August 2003 after serving 3½ years of her 4½ year sentence.<ref name="Walker2015">{{cite journal|title=Remembering Audrey Kishline, the Founder of Moderation Management |last1=Walker |first1=Regina |journal=The Fix |date=2015-01-07 |url=https://www.thefix.com/content/remembering-audrey-kishline |access-date=2019-02-28 |archive-date=2015-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929065244/http://www.thefix.com/content/remembering-audrey-kishline}}</ref><ref name="KishlineMaloy2007">{{cite book|author1=Audrey Kishline|author2=Sheryl Maloy|title=Face to Face: A Deadly Drunk Driver, a Grieving Young Mother, and Their Astonishing True Story of Tragedy and Forgiveness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7ezTUTnoWYC|year=2007|publisher=Meredith Books|isbn=978-0-696-23514-6|oclc=144226098}}</ref>▼
Kishline continued to drink once released from prison.<ref name="Walker2015"/> Soon after she divorced from her husband and struggled to find work in part due to her felony conviction.<ref name="Walker2015"/> She developed a friendship with the wife and mother of the victims of her drunk driving accident, and together they authored a book together on their relationship.<ref name="Walker2015"/><ref name="KishlineMaloy2007"/> She died at the age of 59 on December 19th, 2014. Her death was said to have been a suicide by two mental health professionals, but this was not confirmed by her family.<ref name="Walker2015"/>▼
==Methodology==
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==Effectiveness==
A 2009 study saw that subjects using just Moderation Management to reduce their drinking went from having only about one day a week abstinent from alcohol to having 1.5 days a week abstinent (e.g. they would drink six days one week and five days another week).<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=2739257|year=2009|last1=Hester|first1=R. K.|title=A web application for moderation training: Initial results of a randomized clinical trial|journal=Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment|volume=37|issue=3|pages=266–276|last2=Delaney|first2=H. D.|last3=Campbell|first3=W.|last4=Handmaker|first4=N.|pmid=19339137|doi=10.1016/j.jsat.2009.03.001}} The study reported that using MM along with an online drink tracker increased the number of days abstinent from alcohol to three or four days a week</ref>
==Criticism==
Schaler, who wrote the foreword in the first edition of the Moderation Management book, split ways with MM over two issues. The first being failure of MM's leadership to condemn member Larry Froistad after he [[Murder of Amanda Froistad|confessed to murdering his daughter]] on an MM support group [[Electronic mailing list|email list]]. The second being a disagreement with MM as to whether there was a medical distinction between problem drinkers and [[alcoholism|alcoholics]]. Schaler's foreword was replaced with one by historian Ernest Kurtz in subsequent editions.<ref name="SCHALER2000">{{Cite book|last=Schaler |first=Jeffrey A. |title=Addiction Is a Choice |publisher=[[Open Court Publishing]] |___location=[[Chicago, Illinois]] |date=January 2000 |chapter=Chapter 10: Moderation Management and Murder |pages=107–114 |chapter-url=http://www.schaler.net/mmurder.htm |isbn=978-0-8126-9403-1}}</ref>
▲In January 2000, Audrey Kishline, the founder of MM, posted a message to an official MM [[email list]] stating that she had concluded her best drinking goal was abstinence and that she would begin attending [[Alcoholics Anonymous]], [[SMART Recovery]] and [[Women for Sobriety]] meetings while continuing to support MM for others.<ref name="KISHLINE2000">{{cite mailing list | url = http://www.doctordeluca.com/Documents/KishlineToldMM.htm | title = Announcement from Audrey | mailinglist = Moderation Management | date = 2000-01-20 | last = Kishline |first = Audrey |archive-date=2001-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010306062247/http://www.doctordeluca.com/Documents/KishlineToldMM.htm}}</ref> In March 2000, while drunk,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Girvan|first=Amy|date=March 2015|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|title=The next AA? Welcome to Moderation Management, where abstinence from alcohol isn't the answer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/mar/16/the-next-aa-moderation-management-abstinence-alcohol-isnt-the-answer|accessdate=2017-12-29|quote=After starting MM, Kishline left the group, realizing that she could not moderate her drinking after all. She returned to AA, then fell off the wagon, drunk-driving in March 2000 and killing a man and his 12-year-old daughter.}}</ref> she drove her truck the wrong way down a highway, and hit another vehicle head-on killing its two passengers (a father and his twelve-year-old daughter). MM continued to grow during Kishline's time in prison.<ref name="HUMPHREYS2004"/> She was released in August 2003 after serving 3½ years of her 4½ year sentence.<ref name="Walker2015">{{cite journal|title=Remembering Audrey Kishline, the Founder of Moderation Management |last1=Walker |first1=Regina |journal=The Fix |date=2015-01-07 |url=https://www.thefix.com/content/remembering-audrey-kishline |access-date=2019-02-28 |archive-date=2015-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929065244/http://www.thefix.com/content/remembering-audrey-kishline}}</ref><ref name="KishlineMaloy2007">{{cite book|author1=Audrey Kishline|author2=Sheryl Maloy|title=Face to Face: A Deadly Drunk Driver, a Grieving Young Mother, and Their Astonishing True Story of Tragedy and Forgiveness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7ezTUTnoWYC|year=2007|publisher=Meredith Books|isbn=978-0-696-23514-6|oclc=144226098}}</ref>
▲Kishline continued to drink once released from prison.<ref name="Walker2015"/> Soon after she divorced from her husband and struggled to find work in part due to her felony conviction.<ref name="Walker2015"/> She developed a friendship with the wife and mother of the victims of her drunk driving accident, and together they authored a book together on their relationship.<ref name="Walker2015"/><ref name="KishlineMaloy2007"/> She died at the age of 59 on December 19th, 2014. Her death was said to have been a suicide by two mental health professionals,<ref name="Walker2015"/> but
==Literature==
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