Perseverative cognition: Difference between revisions

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== Perseverative cognition hypothesis ==

The ''perseverative cognition hypothesis''<ref name="BGT2006" /> holds that stressful events cannot affect people's health, unless they think repetitively or continuously (that is, '[[wiktionary:perseveration|perseverate]] [[Cognition|cognitively]]') about these stressful events. Stressful events themselves are often too short, as are the physiological responses to them. Therefore the physiological responses during these stressors are unlikely to cause bodily harm. More importantly, many stressful events are merely worried about, or feared in the future, while they often do not happen or do not have the feared consequences. Nevertheless, the body reacts with prolonged physiological responses to continuous thoughts (perseverative cognition) about these stressors. Therefore it is the perseverative cognition, and not the stressors that can eventually lead to disease. In scientific terms, it is said that perseverative cognition is a [[wikt:Special:Search/mediator|mediator]] of the detrimental effects of [[stress (psychological)|stress]] on one's health. Since its publication scientific evidence for this hypothesis has been accumulating.<ref name="VBGT2010" /><ref name="GS2006">{{cite journal | last1 = Geurts | first1 = S.A. | last2 = Sonnentag | first2 = S. | year = 2006 | title = Recovery as an explanatory mechanism in the relation between acute stress reactions and chronic health impairment | url = | journal = Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environtal Health | volume = 32 | issue = 6| pages = 482–92 | doi = 10.5271/sjweh.1053 }}</ref><ref name="LC2009">{{cite journal | last1 = Larsen | first1 = B.A | last2 = Christenfeld | first2 = N.J.S. | year = 2009 | title = Cardiovascular Disease and Psychiatric Comorbidity: The Potential Role of Perseverative Cognition | url = | journal = Cardiovascular Psychiatry and Neurology | volume = 2009| issue = | pages = 1–8| doi = 10.1155/2009/791017 | pmid = 20029626 | pmc = 2790803 }}</ref><ref name="FMBK2012">{{cite journal | last1 = Flaxman | first1 = P. E. | last2 = Ménard | first2 = J. | last3 = Bond | first3 = F. W. | last4 = Kinman | first4 = G. | year = 2012 | title = Academics' experiences of a respite from work: Effects of self-critical perfectionism and perseverative cognition on postrespite well-being | url = http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/6323/1/Flaxman%20et%20al%20%282012%29%20JAP.pdf| journal = Journal of Applied Psychology | volume = 97 | issue = 4| pages = 854–865 | doi = 10.1037/a0028055 | pmid=22545621}}</ref>

== Physiological effects and disease ==

It is said that Perseverative cognition is involved with a “stress-disease link".<ref name="BPT2005" /> Further, it is the thoughtthinking about the stress, or rather the obsessing over it, that causesestablishes a link between stress and disease to be linked to it. Perseverative cognition also focuses on the effects that worryworrying over things that will occur in theanticipated futureevents have on the physical body and mind.<ref name="BGT2006" /> This could suggest that obsessive worrying over past events or the future could lead to physical issues.

There are some physical evidences of the effects of Perseverativeperseverative cognition, as noted in an analysis article.<ref name="OLMCTVB2015" /> The article found that [[cortisol]] levels, as well as the average heart rates of individuals, were higher when Perseverativeperseverative Cognitivecognitive processes were present.<ref name="OLMCTVB2015" /> Another article<ref name="VBGT2010" /> says that “worrying about stressful events increases the total amount of time that stress has a ‘wear‘[[wiktionary:wear and tear’tear|wear and tear]]’ effect on the human body.” Studies<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Kocsel|first=Natália|last2=Köteles|first2=Ferenc|last3=Szemenyei|first3=Eszter|last4=Szabó|first4=Edina|last5=Galambos|first5=Attila|last6=Kökönyei|first6=Gyöngyi|date=July 2019|title=The association between perseverative cognition and resting heart rate variability: A focus on state ruminative thoughts|journal=Biological Psychology|volume=145|pages=124–133|doi=10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.04.004|pmid=31051207|issn=0301-0511}}</ref> have been done that show links between cognitive perseverance and increased heart rates. The consistent, ruminating thoughts circulating in one’s mind could lead to physical responses.

It is also discussed in another article<ref name="BVT2010" /> that these worries create psychological issues that in turn create physical negative outcomes. It is not, as the article claims, the events themselves that create the physical issues, but rather the consistent worrying about them that causes the issues.

In another article, it is discussed that perseverative cognition increases heart rate, and also impacts parts of the [[brain]], notably in the prefrontal and amygdala areas.<ref name=":0" /> There is a connection between the brain and the heart when it comes to perseverative cognition. When present, it impacts not only mental facilities, but also physical components.<ref name=":0" /> One article describes the physical components as a response to the thoughts, “as if the individual were facing an external stressor”.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Van Laethem|first=Michelle|last2=Beckers|first2=Debby G. J.|last3=Geurts|first3=Sabine A. E.|last4=Garefelt|first4=Johanna|last5=Magnusson Hanson|first5=Linda L.|last6=Leineweber|first6=Constanze|date=2017-09-12|title=Perseverative Cognition as an Explanatory Mechanism in the Relation Between Job Demands and Sleep Quality|journal=International Journal of Behavioral Medicine|volume=25|issue=2|pages=231–242|doi=10.1007/s12529-017-9683-y|pmid=28900837|issn=1070-5503|pmc=5852204}}</ref> The article also talks about how obsessive thoughts of worry lead to greater depression. Cognitive perseverance leads to multiple issues, ranging from [[Mood (psychology)|mood]] to heart rate.

Cognitive perseverance not only impacts mental and physical processing, but it also has the possibility of impacting [[sleep]], as explored in one article.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Makovac|first=Elena|last2=Fagioli|first2=Sabrina|last3=Rae|first3=Charlotte L.|last4=Critchley|first4=Hugo D.|last5=Ottaviani|first5=Cristina|date=January 2020|title=Can't get it off my brain: Meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies on perseverative cognition|journal=Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging|volume=295|pages=111020|doi=10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.111020|issn=0925-4927}}</ref> In this article, the impact of obsessive worrying regarding jobs, therefore creating perseverative cognition, on sleep was explored. They found that there was a correlation between excessive job centered perseverative cognition and a lack of good sleep. Perseverative cognition impacts several parts of life. Another article<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Ottaviani|first=Cristina|last2=Medea|first2=Barbara|last3=Lonigro|first3=Antonia|last4=Tarvainen|first4=Mika|last5=Couyoumdjian|first5=Alessandro|date=April 2015|title=Cognitive rigidity is mirrored by autonomic inflexibility in daily life perseverative cognition|journal=Biological Psychology|volume=107|pages=24–30|doi=10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.02.011|issn=0301-0511}}</ref> talks about how poor sleep could happen when one had perseverative cognition. The article uses the term mind wandering to talk about “persistent and repetitive” thoughts<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Kibler|first=Jeffrey L.|date=February 2018|title=An Extension of the Perseverative Cognition Hypothesis to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptomatology: Cardiovascular Recovery in Relation to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Severity and Cognitive Appraisals of Stress|journal=Journal of Traumatic Stress|volume=31|issue=1|pages=25–34|doi=10.1002/jts.22252|pmc=6190589|issn=0894-9867|pmid=29388694}}</ref> and correlates with other mental disorders. Perseverative cognition can affect more than physical components, as stated earlier. The same article<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Ottaviani|first=Cristina|date=2018-04-01|title=Brain-heart interaction in perseverative cognition|journal=Psychophysiology|volume=55|issue=7|pages=e13082|doi=10.1111/psyp.13082|issn=0048-5772}}</ref> also talked about how mental rigidity ties in with perseverative cognition and impacts individuals in multiple ways.

In addition, perseverative cognition has potential to make other [[Mental disorder|mental illnesses]] worse. In another article, on its effect on [[Posttraumatic Stressstress Disorder.disorder|PTSD]],<ref name=":4" /> Theyit was found that with severe PTSD and the perseverative cognition, it correlated with less recovery regarding cardiovascular disease.

==See also==