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Plains Apache is most closely related to other Southern Athabaskan languages like [[Navajo language|Navajo]], [[Chiricahua language|Chiricahua Apache]], [[Mescalero language|Mescalero Apache]], [[Lipan Apache language|Lipan Apache]], [[Western Apache language|Western Apache]], and [[Jicarilla Apache language|Jicarilla Apache]]. Plains Apache is the most divergent member of the subfamily. The language is [[extinct language|extinct]] as of 2008, when Alfred Chalepah, Jr., the last native speaker, died.
==Phonology==
This article follows the orthography of Bittle (1963); where this differs from the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]], the corresponding IPA transcription is given on the right between slashes.
===Consonants===
Plains Apache has a large consonant inventory resembling that of its close relatives Navajo and Western Apache.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! colspan="3" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-style="font-size: x-small;"
! plain
! [[lateral consonant|lateral]]
! [[affricate consonant|fricated]]
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
! <small>[[tenuis consonant|unaspirated]]</small>
| b /{{IPA|p}}/ || d /{{IPA|t}}/ || dl /{{IPA|tɬ}}/ || dz /{{IPA|ts}}/ || dž /{{IPA|tʃ}}/ || || g /{{IPA|k}}/ ||
|-
! <small>[[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]</small>
| || || tł /{{IPA|tɬʰ}}/ || ts /{{IPA|tsʰ}}/ || tš /{{IPA|tʃʰ}}/ || || k /{{IPA|kʰ}}/ ||
|-
! <small>[[Glottalized consonant|glottalized]]</small>
| || {{IPA|tʼ}} || tłʼ /{{IPA|tɬʼ}}/ ||{{IPA|tsʼ}} || tšʼ /{{IPA|tʃʼ}}/ || || {{IPA|kʼ}} ||{{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Continuant]]
! <small>[[voiceless]]</small>
| || || ł /{{IPA|ɬ}}/ ||{{IPA|s}} || š /{{IPA|ʃ}}/ || || {{IPA|x}} ||{{IPA|h}}
|-
! <small>[[voiced]]</small>
| || || {{IPA|l}} || {{IPA|z}} || ž /{{IPA|ʒ}}/ || || {{IPA|ɣ}} ||
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
!<small>[[Stop consonant|stop]]</small>
|
|{{IPA|ⁿd}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!<small>[[continuant]]</small>
|{{IPA|m}}||{{IPA|n}}|| || || || || ||
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Glide]]
| || || || || || y /{{IPA|j}}/ || ||
|}
===Vowels===
Plains Apache distinguishes four vowel qualities, much like the other Southern Athabaskan languages.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! scope="col" | Vowel height
! scope="col" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|High]]
| i /{{IPA|i}} ~ {{IPA|ɪ}}/ || rowspan="2" | o /{{IPA|o}} ~ {{IPA|u}}/
|-
! [[Open-mid vowel|Mid]]
| e /{{IPA|ɛ}}/
|-
! [[Open vowel|Low]]
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|a}}
|}
Additionally, all vowels may be either short or long and nasal or oral. Length is indicated in the orthography by writing the vowel twice (e.g. ''kóó'', "water"); nasalization is indicated with an [[ogonek]] (e.g. ''nǫ̀ǫ̀'', "earth").
==See also==
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