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== History ==
The knowledge of making gunpowder-based weapon in Nusantara archipelago has been known after the failed [[Mongol invasion of Java]] (1293 A.D.).<ref>Song Lian. [[History of Yuan]].</ref> This resulted in the development of small swivel guns such as [[cetbang]] and [[lantaka]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last=Ooi|first=Keat Gin|title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2004|isbn=9781576077702|___location=|pages=}}</ref> However the knowledge of making firearms came much later, after the middle of 15th century. It was brought by the [[Islam|Islamic]] nations of West Asia, most probably the [[Arabs]]. The precise year of introduction is unknown, but it may be safely concluded to be no earlier than 1460.<ref name=":2" />
=== Java ===
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=== Malay peninsula ===
The Portuguese found various gunpowder weapons after the [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|1511 conquest of Malacca]]. It is known that the Malays of Malacca obtained arms from Java.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Crawfurd|first=John|title=A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent Countries|publisher=Bradbury and Evans|year=1856|isbn=|___location=|pages=}}</ref>
[[Joao de Barros]] desrcibed a scene of the conquest in ''Da Asia'':<ref>{{Cite book|last=de Barros|first=João|title=Primeira decada da Asia|publisher=|year=1552|isbn=|___location=Lisboa|pages=}}</ref><blockquote>"As soon as the junk had passed the sand-bank and had come to an anchor, a short way from the bridge, the Moorish artillery opened a fire on her. Some guns discharged leadballs at intervals, which passed through both sides of the vessel, doing much execution among the crew. In the heat of the action Antonio d'Abreu, the commander, was struck in the cheek from a fusil, carrying off the greater number of his teeth." </blockquote>The matchlocks that shoot through both sides of their vessel, had very long barrel and were 18 mm in caliber.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mandarinmansion.com/item/fine-malay-matchlock-musket|title=Fine Malay matchlock musket {{!}} Mandarin Mansion|website=www.mandarinmansion.com|language=en|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref>
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