Plains Apache language: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 03:20, 13 February 2020

Revision as of 08:47, 13 February 2020

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==Phonology==

This article follows the orthography of Bittle (1963); where this differs from the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]], IPA is given on the correspondingleft, IPAand Bittle's transcription is given on the right betweenin slashesitalics.

===Consonants===

Plains Apache has a large consonant inventory resembling that of its close relatives Navajo and Western Apache.

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! rowspan="3" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]

! <small>[[tenuis consonant|unaspirated]]</small>

| b /{{IPA|p}}/ ''b''|| d /{{IPA|t}}/ ''d''|| dl /{{IPA|tɬ}}/ ''dl''|| dz /{{IPA|ts}}/ ''dz''|| dž /{{IPA|tʃ}}/ ''dž''|| || g /{{IPA|k}}/ ''g''||

|-

! <small>[[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]</small>

| || || tł /{{IPA|tɬʰ}}/ ''tł''|| ts /{{IPA|tsʰ}}/ ''ts''|| tš /{{IPA|tʃʰ}}/ ''tš''|| || k /{{IPA|kʰ}}/ ''k''||

|-

! <small>[[Glottalized consonant|glottalized]]</small>

| || {{IPA|tʼ}} || tłʼ /{{IPA|tɬʼ}}/ ''tłʼ''||{{IPA|tsʼ}} || tšʼ /{{IPA|tʃʼ}}/ ''tšʼ''|| || {{IPA|kʼ}} ||{{IPA|ʔ}}

|-

! rowspan="2" | [[Continuant]]

! <small>[[voiceless]]</small>

| || || ł /{{IPA|ɬ}}/ ''ł''||{{IPA|s}} || š /{{IPA|ʃ}}/ ''š''|| || {{IPA|x}} ||{{IPA|h}}

|-

! <small>[[voiced]]</small>

| || || {{IPA|l}} || {{IPA|z}} || ž /{{IPA|ʒ}}/ ''ž''|| || {{IPA|ɣ}} ||

|-

! rowspan="2" |[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]

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|-

! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Glide]]

| || || || || || y /{{IPA|j}}/ ''y''|| ||

|}

The phoneme ''ⁿd'' is only found in prefixes and does not occur before ''o''. ''h'' is in free variation with ''x'' preceding ''a'' and also does not occur before ''o''. The fricated alveolar and postalveolar series are tend to be realized as slightly retroflex preceding ''i'' and ''e'', though these variants are in free variation with the unretroflexed realizations. The plain alveolar and velar series are slightly fronted preceding ''i'' and ''e'', and slightly backed and rounded preceding ''o''.

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|-

![[Close vowel|High]]

| i /{{IPA|i}} ~ {{IPA|ɪ}}/ ''i''|| rowspan="2" | o /{{IPA|u~o}} ~ {{IPA|u}}/''o''

|-

! [[Open-mid vowel|Mid]]

| e /{{IPA|ɛ}}/ ''e''

|-

! [[Open vowel|Low]]

| colspan="2" |{{IPA|a}}

|}

Additionally, all vowels may be either short or long and nasal or oral. Length is indicated in the orthography by writing the vowel twice (e.g. ''kóó'', "water"); nasalization is indicated with an [[ogonek]] (e.g. ''nǫ̀ǫ̀'', "earth"). When long, the realization of ''i'' tends to be closer to {{IPA|[i]}}, and when short, closer to {{IPA|[ɪ]}}. An analogous alternation is true of ''o'' {{IPA|[u~o]}}, although this variation is more free, and is lexicalized by some speakers in certain words.

===Syllable Structure===

The Plains Apache syllable is maximally (C)(C)V(:)(C), though initial clusters are rare and must co-occur with a long vowel, making most syllables (C)V(:)(C). All consonants may appear in the syllable onset, although ''l'' and a null onset are not permitted word-initially; only ''d, g, ʔ, s, z, š, ž, h, l,'' and ''ł'' may appear in the syllable coda, whether word-final or not.

=== Tone ===

Plains Apache has a [[register tone]] system with two levels, low and high. Low is written with a grave accent (e.g. bìs, "bank"), and high is written with an acute accent (e.g. šéł, "kindness"). Syllables with short vowels bear a single toneme, but those with long vowels have one toneme for each [[Mora (linguistics)|mora]] of the vowel, making for a total of four contours: high-high (e.g. tʼǫ́ǫ́š, "bark"), high-low (e.g. béè-lą̀ą̀ʔ, "point"), low-high (e.g. gòóʔ, "snake"), and low-low (e.g. gààd, "spread of cedars").

==See also==