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While all criminal cases in Israel are tried by professional judges without any lay participation, cases in the [[Labor Courts of Israel]], which hear labor disputes and cases involving Israel's social security system, are heard by professional judges sitting alongside lay judges. Cases in the Regional Labor Courts are heard by a single professional judge alongside two lay judges, one of whom has experience in the labor sector and another with experience in management, while appeals to the National Labor Court, which hears appeals from the Regional Labor Courts, are heard by three professional judges alongside a lay judge from the labor side and a lay judge from the management side. Lay judges in Israeli labor courts are appointed by the Minister of Justice and the Minister of Labor, and serve for a three-year period. They have equal voting power to the professional judges.<ref>https://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/ILJ/upload/Colby-final.pdf</ref>
The military court system of the [[Israel Defense Forces]] also employs officers as lay judges. Headings in district military courts are generally presided over by a professional military judge and two officers who serve in units based in the court's regional district who generally do not have a legal background. Hearings in the [[Military Court of Appeals]], the supreme military court of Israel, are generally presided over by two professional judges and one officer acting as a lay judge. ▼
▲The military court system of the [[Israel Defense Forces]] also employs officers as lay judges. Headings in district military courts are generally presided over by a professional military judge and two officers who serve in units based in the court's regional district who generally do not have a legal background. Hearings in the [[Military Court of Appeals]], the supreme military court of Israel, are generally presided over by two professional judges and one lay judge.
=== Japan ===
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