Mode (user interface): Difference between revisions

Revision as of 00:17, 22 February 2020

Revision as of 08:50, 24 February 2020

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===Modeless===

[[Larry Tesler]] at [[PARC (company)|PARC]] devised insights for a modeless [[word processor]] from the feedback gathered from a [[user test]] with newly-hired Sylvia Adams, where she was asked to [[ad lib]] some gestures to correct proofreading marks on the digital text.<ref>{{Citecite web|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/software/of-modes-and-men|title=Of Modes and Men|website=IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News|language=en|access-date=2020-02-21}}</ref> This test convinced Tesler's manager Bill English of the problems with their previous modal interface.

== Mode errors ==

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* Mode confusion was part of the events that led to the loss of [[Air France Flight 447]] in 2009, and the loss of life of 228 people. The pilots reacted to a loss of altitude by pulling on the stick, which would have been an appropriate reaction with the autopilot fully enabled, which would then have put the aircraft in a climbing configuration. However, the airplane's systems had entered a mode of lesser automation ("direct law" in Airbus terms) due to a blocked airspeed sensor, allowing the pilots to put the plane in a nose-high stall configuration, from which they did not recover.<ref>[https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/11/uss-mccain-collision-ultimately-caused-by-ui-confusion/] BEA final report on the loss of Air France 447</ref>

* On January 17, 2015, the offshore supply vessel "Red7 Alliance" collided with a lock gate of the Kiel Canal in Germany, damaging it severely. An investigation concluded that the levers controlling the ship's [[Azimuth thruster]]s were not used in a way appropriate to the mode they were set to, resulting in the ship accelerating instead of coming to a stop in the lock.<ref>[https://www.bsu-bund.de/SharedDocs/pdf/DE/Unfallberichte/2016/Untersuchungsbericht_16_15.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=5] M/V Red7 Alliance investigation report (German)</ref>

* On August 21, 2017, the US Navy destroyer [[USS John S. McCain (DDG-56)|USS John S. McCain]] [[USS John S. McCain and Alnic MC collision|collided]] with a commercial tanker in the Strait of Malacca, resulting in the loss of life of ten crew members. An investigation conducted by the US military concluded that immediately prior to the collision, helm and propulsion controls had been redistributed between bridge stations, and the bridge crew was not fully aware of that redistribution.<ref>{{Citecite web | url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/11/uss-mccain-collision-ultimately-caused-by-ui-confusion/ | title=USS McCain collision ultimately caused by UI confusion| year=2017}}</ref>

* On April 10, 2018, the 5000 ton supply vessel ''VOS Stone'' unberthed from a wind platform under construction in the Baltic Sea. The vessel's master decided to put the steering in an alternative mode to perform a test of the system. Insufficient communication with the officer of the watch led to a temporary loss of control, collision with the platform, injury to three crew members, and significant damage.<ref>[https://www.bsu-bund.de/SharedDocs/pdf/EN/Investigation_Report/2019/Investigation_Report_118_18.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=1 Investigation Report 118/18 (pdf)], Federal Bureau of Maritime Casualty Investigation (Germany), April 10, 2019</ref>