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SkylabField (talk | contribs) →Effectiveness: Again, MOS:ACROFIRSTUSE doesn’t spell it out, but one “Moderation Management” per section seems perfectly readable. |
SkylabField (talk | contribs) Remove “criticism” section as per talk page discussion; merge back in to “history” section; move “history” section down so we do not appear to be emphasizing MM’s issues |
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'''Moderation Management''' ('''MM''') is a [[secular]] [[non-profit]] organization providing peer-run non-coercive [[support group]]s for anyone who would like to reduce their [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol consumption]]. MM was founded in 1994 to create an alternative to [[Alcoholics Anonymous]] and similar [[addiction recovery groups]] for non-dependent problem drinkers who do not necessarily want to stop drinking, but moderate their amount of alcohol consumed to reduce its detrimental consequences.
==History==▼
Moderation Management was founded by Audrey Kishline, a problem drinker, who did not identify with the [[disease theory of alcoholism]] finding that it eroded her [[self-confidence]]. Kishline found that she could moderate her drinking with the help of [[cognitive behavioral therapy]] principles and in 1994 created Moderation Management as an organization for non-dependent problem drinkers to help maintain moderate alcohol use. MM maintains, however, that it is not for all problem drinkers; that there are some drinkers for whom abstinence will be the only solution.<ref name="HUMPHREYS2004">{{Cite book|last=Humphreys |first=Keith |title=Circles of Recovery: Self-Help Organizations for Addictions |year=2004 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-79277-6 |chapter=Chapter 2: An international tour of addiction-related mutual-help organizations: Moderation Management |pages=70–73}}</ref>▼
Kishline had asked many [[Mental health professional|professionals]] for advice while she was establishing the fellowship, including psychologist [[Jeffrey Schaler]], who wrote the foreword for the first edition of the book, ''Moderate Drinking,'' used in the organization and served on the original board of [[trustee]]s for MM.<ref name="SCHALER1994">{{Cite book|last=Schaler |first=Jeffrey A. |title=Moderate Drinking: The New Option for Problem Drinkers |chapter=Foreword |publisher=See Sharp Press |editor=Kishline, Audrey |year=1994 |edition=First |chapter-url=http://www.schaler.net/Kishlineforeword.htm}}</ref>▼
==Methodology==
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MM groups are intended to give members a chance to identify with other problem drinkers and learn from the successes and failures of each other. Face-to-face meetings last about an hour, whereas online meetings are ongoing. "Crosstalk," members interrupting each other to provide feedback during meetings, is allowed. [[Mental health professional]]s are allowed to help start MM meetings, but ultimate control must be left to the participants.<ref name="ROTGERS2000"/><ref name="KLAW2000A">{{Cite journal|last=Klaw |first=Elena |author2=Humphreys, Keith |title=Life stories of Moderation Management mutual help group members |journal=Contemporary Drug Problems |volume=27 |issue=4 |year=2000 |pages=779–803|doi=10.1177/009145090002700404 }}</ref> A [[content analysis]] of online MM meetings found the most common types of communication by members were [[self-disclosure]], provision of information and advice, and provision of emotional support. Similar studies of depression and eating disorder support groups have found the same patterns.<ref name="KLAW2000B">{{Cite journal|last=Klaw |first=Elena |author2=Huebsch, Penny Dearmin |author3=Humphreys, Keith |title=Communication patterns in an on-line mutual help group for problem drinkers |journal=Journal of Community Psychology |volume=28 |year=2000 |pages=535–546 |issue=5 |doi=10.1002/1520-6629(200009)28:5<535::AID-JCOP7>3.0.CO;2-0}}</ref>
▲==History==
{{See also|Bystander effect#Larry Froistad|Murder of Amanda Froistad|l1=Bystander effect: Larry Froistad|l2=Murder of Amanda Froistad}}▼
▲Moderation Management was founded by Audrey Kishline, a problem drinker, who did not identify with the [[disease theory of alcoholism]] finding that it eroded her [[self-confidence]]. Kishline found that she could moderate her drinking with the help of [[cognitive behavioral therapy]] principles and in 1994 created Moderation Management as an organization for non-dependent problem drinkers to help maintain moderate alcohol use. MM maintains, however, that it is not for all problem drinkers; that there are some drinkers for whom abstinence will be the only solution.<ref name="HUMPHREYS2004">{{Cite book|last=Humphreys |first=Keith |title=Circles of Recovery: Self-Help Organizations for Addictions |year=2004 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-79277-6 |chapter=Chapter 2: An international tour of addiction-related mutual-help organizations: Moderation Management |pages=70–73}}</ref>
▲Kishline had asked many [[Mental health professional|professionals]] for advice while she was establishing the fellowship, including psychologist [[Jeffrey Schaler]], who wrote the foreword for the first edition of the book, ''Moderate Drinking,'' used in the organization and served on the original board of [[trustee]]s for MM.<ref name="SCHALER1994">{{Cite book|last=Schaler |first=Jeffrey A. |title=Moderate Drinking: The New Option for Problem Drinkers |chapter=Foreword |publisher=See Sharp Press |editor=Kishline, Audrey |year=1994 |edition=First |chapter-url=http://www.schaler.net/Kishlineforeword.htm}}</ref> Schaler split ways with MM over two issues. The first being failure of MM's leadership to condemn member Larry Froistad after he [[Murder of Amanda Froistad|confessed to murdering his daughter]] on an MM support group [[Electronic mailing list|email list]]. The second being a disagreement with MM as to whether there was a medical distinction between problem drinkers and [[alcoholism|alcoholics]]. Schaler's foreword was replaced with one by historian Ernest Kurtz in subsequent editions.<ref name="SCHALER2000">{{Cite book|last=Schaler |first=Jeffrey A. |title=Addiction Is a Choice |publisher=[[Open Court Publishing]] |___location=[[Chicago, Illinois]] |date=January 2000 |chapter=Chapter 10: Moderation Management and Murder |pages=107–114 |chapter-url=http://www.schaler.net/mmurder.htm |isbn=978-0-8126-9403-1}}</ref>
In January 2000
Kishline continued to drink once released from prison.<ref name="Walker2015"/> Soon after she divorced from her husband and struggled to find work in part due to her felony conviction.<ref name="Walker2015"/> She developed a friendship with the wife and mother of the victims of her drunk driving accident, and together they authored a book together on their relationship.<ref name="Walker2015"/><ref name="KishlineMaloy2007"/> She died at the age of 59 on December 19th, 2014. Her death was said to have been a suicide by two mental health professionals,
==Membership==
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A 2012 paper argues that, while there is little scientific analysis of MM's efficacy, MM should be effective.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/1556035X.2012.705657|title=Moderation Management: A Mutual-Help Organization for Problem Drinkers Who Are Not Alcohol-Dependent|journal=Journal of Groups in Addiction & Recovery|volume=7|issue=2–4|pages=130–141|year=2012|last1=Lembke|first1=Anna|last2=Humphreys|first2=Keith}}</ref>
▲{{See also|Bystander effect#Larry Froistad|Murder of Amanda Froistad|l1=Bystander effect: Larry Froistad|l2=Murder of Amanda Froistad}}
▲In January 2000, Audrey Kishline, MM's founder, posted a message to an official MM [[email list]] stating that she had concluded her best drinking goal was abstinence and that she would begin attending [[Alcoholics Anonymous]], [[SMART Recovery]] and [[Women for Sobriety]] meetings while continuing to support MM for others.<ref name="KISHLINE2000">{{cite mailing list | url = http://www.doctordeluca.com/Documents/KishlineToldMM.htm | title = Announcement from Audrey | mailinglist = Moderation Management | date = 2000-01-20 | last = Kishline |first = Audrey |archive-date=2001-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010306062247/http://www.doctordeluca.com/Documents/KishlineToldMM.htm}}</ref> In March 2000, while drunk,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Girvan|first=Amy|date=March 2015|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|title=The next AA? Welcome to Moderation Management, where abstinence from alcohol isn't the answer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/mar/16/the-next-aa-moderation-management-abstinence-alcohol-isnt-the-answer|accessdate=2017-12-29|quote=After starting MM, Kishline left the group, realizing that she could not moderate her drinking after all. She returned to AA, then fell off the wagon, drunk-driving in March 2000 and killing a man and his 12-year-old daughter.}}</ref> she drove her truck the wrong way down a highway, and hit another vehicle head-on killing its two passengers (a father and his twelve-year-old daughter). MM continued to grow during Kishline's time in prison.<ref name="HUMPHREYS2004"/> She was released in August 2003 after serving 3½ years of her 4½ year sentence.<ref name="Walker2015">{{cite journal|title=Remembering Audrey Kishline, the Founder of Moderation Management |last1=Walker |first1=Regina |journal=The Fix |date=2015-01-07 |url=https://www.thefix.com/content/remembering-audrey-kishline |access-date=2019-02-28 |archive-date=2015-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929065244/http://www.thefix.com/content/remembering-audrey-kishline}}</ref><ref name="KishlineMaloy2007">{{cite book|author1=Audrey Kishline|author2=Sheryl Maloy|title=Face to Face: A Deadly Drunk Driver, a Grieving Young Mother, and Their Astonishing True Story of Tragedy and Forgiveness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7ezTUTnoWYC|year=2007|publisher=Meredith Books|isbn=978-0-696-23514-6|oclc=144226098}}</ref>
▲Kishline continued to drink once released from prison.<ref name="Walker2015"/> Soon after she divorced from her husband and struggled to find work in part due to her felony conviction.<ref name="Walker2015"/> She developed a friendship with the wife and mother of the victims of her drunk driving accident, and together they authored a book together on their relationship.<ref name="Walker2015"/><ref name="KishlineMaloy2007"/> She died at the age of 59 on December 19th, 2014. Her death was said to have been a suicide by two mental health professionals,<ref name="Walker2015"/> but her family apparently<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aaagnostica.org/2019/01/06/the-sad-tale-of-the-founder-of-moderation-management/|title=Comment from Regina Walker on "The Sad Tale of the Founder of Moderation Management"|last=Walker|first=Regina|quote=when a family member contacted The Fix after my second article about Audrey was published, they did not deny that Audrey had committed suicide}}</ref> denied it was a suicide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aaagnostica.org/2019/01/06/the-sad-tale-of-the-founder-of-moderation-management/|title=The Sad Tale of the Founder of Moderation Management|quote=She denied that her daughter’s death was suicide}}</ref>
==Literature==
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