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The Arabic alphabet has been adopted by many Muslim peoples to write their languages. In them, new consonant letters have been devised for sounds lacking in Arabic (e.g. {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/g/}}, {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}, and {{IPA|/ʒ/}} in [[Persian language|Persian]];<ref name="DB" />{{rp|747}} and all the aspirate and retroflex stops in [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]<ref name="DB" />{{rp|757}}). But rarely have the full set of vowels been represented in those new alphabets: [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] had eight vowels, but used only three letters to notate them.<ref name="DB" />{{rp|758}} However, some adaptions of the Arabic alphabet do unambiguously and compulsorily mark all vowels: among them, those for [[Arebica|Bosnian]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]],<ref name="DB" />{{rp|753}} [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], [[Kyrgyz alphabets|Kyrgyz]], and [[Uyghur Arabic alphabet|Uyghur]].<ref name="DB" />{{rp|748}}
When a defective script is written with diacritics or other conventions to indicate all phonemic distinctions, the result is called ''plene'' writing.<ref>{{cite book|author=Werner Weinberg|title=The History of Hebrew Plene Spelling|year=1985|publisher=Hebrew Union College Press|isbn=978-0-87820-205-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofhebrewp0000wein}}</ref>
==Considerations==
Defectiveness is a [[cline (linguistics)|cline]]: the Semitic ''[[abjad]]s'' do not indicate all vowels, but there are also alphabets which mark vowels but not [[tone (linguistics)|tone]] (e.g. many [[Writing systems of Africa|African languages]]), or vowel quality but not vowel length (e.g. [[Latin spelling and pronunciation|Latin]]). Even if English orthography were regularized, the English alphabet would still be incapable of unambiguously conveying [[intonation (linguistics)|intonation]], though since this is not expected of scripts, it is not normally counted as defectiveness.<ref name="Sampson" />
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