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An '''MM code''' (the "MM" being an abbreviation for the [[German language|German]] "Moduliertes Merkmal") is a "machine-readable modulated" feature that has been added to German [[debit card]]s during manufacture as an anti-[[counterfeiting]] measure since 1979.<ref>{{cite book|author=Wolfgang Rankl and Wolfgang Effing|title=Handbuch der Chipkarten. 3rd edition|publisher=Hanser Verlag|year=1999|language=German}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kartensicherheit.de/ww/de/pub/oeffentlich/sicherheitsprodukte/mm_merkmal.php|title=MM-Merkmal|work=|author=|publisher=|date=|accessdate=2008-01-10|language=German|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522165336/http://www.kartensicherheit.de/ww/de/pub/oeffentlich/sicherheitsprodukte/mm_merkmal.php|archive-date=2009-05-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was developed by "Gesellschaft für Automation und Organisation" (a subsidiary of Giesecke & Devrient) in Munich for the German ec-Card system and MM verification devices have been added to German ATMs from 1982 onwards.<ref name="ct1996">{{cite news|author=Carsten Meyer|url=http://www.heise.de/ct/96/07/094/|title=Nur Peanuts — Der Risikofaktor Magnetkarte|work=[[c't]]|date=July 1996|pages=94|language=German|publisher=Heise Zeitschriften Verlag}}</ref> If a payment card contains an MM code as well as a magnetic stripe, any fraudster who counterfeits the card but fails to read and duplicate the MM code onto the copy will be detected when trying to use the counterfeit in a German [[automated teller machine]].
==Function==
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