Mathematics of neural networks in machine learning: Difference between revisions

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<math>\textstyle f : X \rightarrow Y </math> or a distribution over <math>\textstyle X</math> or both <math>\textstyle X</math> and <math>\textstyle Y</math>. Sometimes models are intimately associated with a particular learning rule. A common use of the phrase "ANN model" is really the definition of a ''class'' of such functions (where members of the class are obtained by varying parameters, connection weights, or specifics of the architecture such as the number of neurons, number of layers or their connectivity).

Mathematically, a neuron's network function <math>\textstyle f(x)</math> is defined as a composition of other functions <math>\textstyle g_i(x)</math>, that can further be decomposed into other functions. This can be conveniently represented as a network structure, with arrows depicting the dependencies between functions. A widely used type of composition is the ''nonlinear weighted sum'', where <math>\textstyle f (x) = K \left(\sum_i w_i g_i(x)\right) </math>, where <math>\textstyle K</math> (commonly referred to as the [[activation function]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~billw/mldict.html#activnfn|title=The Machine Learning Dictionary|website=www.cse.unsw.edu.au|access-date=2019-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826151959/http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~billw/mldict.html#activnfn|archive-date=2018-08-26|url-status=dead}}</ref>) is some predefined function, such as the [[Hyperbolic function#Standard analytic expressions|hyperbolic tangent]], [[sigmoid function]], [[softmax function]], or [[ReLU|rectifier function]]. The important characteristic of the activation function is that it provides a smooth transition as input values change, i.e. a small change in input produces a small change in output. The following refers to a collection of functions <math>\textstyle g_i</math> as a [[Vector (mathematics and physics)|vector]] <math>\textstyle g = (g_1, g_2, \ldots, g_n)</math>.

[[File:Ann_dependency_(graph).svg|thumb|150x150px|ANN dependency graph]]

This figure depicts such a decomposition of <math>\textstyle f</math>, with dependencies between variables indicated by arrows. These can be interpreted in two ways.