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Fixed action patterns are predictable, as they are invariable, and therefore can lead to exploitation.<ref name=":122"/> Some species have evolved to exploit the fixed action patterns of other species by [[mimicry]] of their sign stimuli.<ref name=":132"/> Replicating the releaser required to trigger a fixed action pattern is known as ''code-breaking''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/the-ecology-of-avian-brood-parasitism-14724491/|title=The Ecology of Avian Brood Parasitism {{!}} Learn Science at Scitable|website=www.nature.com|access-date=2019-10-24}}</ref> A well-known example of this is [[brood parasitism]], where one species will lay its eggs in the nest of another species, which will then parent its young.<ref name=":132"/> A young [[North American cowbird]], for example, provides a supernormal stimulus to its foster parent, which will cause it to forage rapidly to satisfy the larger bird's demands.<ref name=":5">Wickler, W. (1968) ''Mimicry in Plants and Animals.'' World University Library, London.</ref> A nestling will provide higher levels of stimulus with noisier, more energetic behavior, communicating its urgent need for food.<ref name=":5" /> Parents in this situation have to work harder to provide food, otherwise their own offspring are likely to die of [[starvation]].<ref name=":5" />
=== Brood
The exploitation of sign stimuli can be seen when exploring the concept of [[Brood parasite|brood parasitism]]. Other animals will learn the sign stimuli of different species and use it to manipulate the other animal into doing something for its own benefit. An example of this can be seen in the [[European
== Exceptions ==
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