Plains Apache language: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 10:37, 12 April 2020

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The '''Plains Apache''' language (or '''Kiowa Apache''' language) is a [[Southern Athabaskan languages|Southern Athabaskan language]] formerly spoken by the [[Plains Apache]], organized as the [[Apache Tribe of Oklahoma]], living primarily around [[Anadarko, Oklahoma|Anadarko]] in southwest [[Oklahoma]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Everett |first1=Dianna |title=Apache Tribe of Oklahoma |url=https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=AP002 |website=The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture |publisher=Oklahoma Historical Society |accessdate=20 January 2020}}</ref> The language is [[extinct language|extinct]] as of 2008, when Alfred Chalepah, Jr., the last native speaker, died.

Plains Apache is the most closelydivergent relatedmember toof otherthe Southern Athabaskan languages, a family which also likeincludes [[Navajo language|Navajo]], [[Chiricahua language|Chiricahua Apache]], [[Mescalero language|Mescalero Apache]], [[Lipan Apache language|Lipan Apache]], [[Western Apache language|Western Apache]], and [[Jicarilla Apache language|Jicarilla Apache]]. As Plainsa Apachemember isof the mostbroader divergentAthabaskan memberfamily, it has an extremely complex system of theverbal subfamily.morphology, Theoften languageenabling isentire [[extinctsentences language|extinct]]to asbe ofconstructed 2008,with whenonly Alfreda Chalepahverb: for example, Jr.''šìɣàdàdlòh'', themeaning last"He nativeis speaker,going to laugh at diedme."

==Phonology==

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| || || || || ||{{IPA|j}} ''y''|| ||

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The phoneme ''{{IPA|/ⁿd''/}} is only found in prefixes and does not occur before ''{{IPA|/o''/}}. ''{{IPA|/h''/}} is in free variation with ''{{IPA|/x''/}} preceding ''{{IPA|/a''/}} and also does not occur before ''{{IPA|/o''/}}. The fricated alveolar and postalveolar series are tend to be realized as slightly retroflex preceding ''{{IPA|/i''/}} and ''{{IPA|/e''/}}, though these variants are in free variation with the unretroflexed realizations. The plain alveolar and velar series are slightly fronted preceding ''i'' and ''e'', and slightly backed and rounded preceding ''{{IPA|/o''/}}.

===Vowels===

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| colspan="2" |{{IPA|a}}

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Additionally, all vowels may be either short or long and nasal or oral. Length is indicated in the orthography by writing the vowel twice (e.g. ''kóó'', "water"); nasalization is indicated with an [[ogonek]] (e.g. ''nǫ̀ǫ̀'', "earth"). When long, the realization of ''i'' tends to be closer to {{IPA|[i]}}, and when short, closer to {{IPA|[ɪ]}}. An analogous alternation is true of ''o'' {{IPA|[u~o]}}, although this variation is more free, and is lexicalized by some speakers in certain words.

===Syllable Structure===

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=== Tone ===

Plains Apache has a [[register tone]] system with two levels, low and high. Low is written with a grave accent (e.g. ''bìs'', "bank"), and high is written with an acute accent (e.g. ''šéł'', "kindness"). Syllables with short vowels bear a single toneme, but those with long vowels have one toneme for each [[Mora (linguistics)|mora]] of the vowel, making for a total of four contours: high-high (e.g. ''tʼǫ́ǫ́š'', "bark"), high-low (e.g. ''béè-lą̀ą̀ʔ'', "point"), low-high (e.g. ''gòóʔ'', "snake"), and low-low (e.g. ''gààd'', "spread of cedars").

== Morphology ==

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== Syntax ==

{{Main|Southern Athabascan grammar#Typological overview}}

Like other Southern Athabaskan languages, Plains Apache is generally head-final, with a predominant word order of [[Subject–object–verb|subject-object-verb]] and [[postpositions]] rather than prepositions. This is illustrated in the following example sentencesentences:

:{{interlinear| lang = apk

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|man water INDEF-CL-boil

|'The man boils water'}}

:{{interlinear| lang = apk

|Séé míídžǫ́ʔdą́ʔ dàyìɣínííł

|séé mi-džǫ́ʔ-dą́ʔ dà-yi-ɣí-ø-ø-nííł

|dirt 3SG-back-PP ADV-3OBJ-PROG-3SUBJ-CLF-throw|'He threw dirt on his back'}}

==See also==