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According to the [[Community Associations Institute]], between 22–24 percent of the entire [[Demographics of the United States|U.S. population]] in 2017 lived in community associations. The two leading states with CIDs are [[California]], where around 9,327,000 people lived in a CID, and [[Florida]], where about 9,753,000 lived in a Community Interest Development.<ref name="U.S. community associations, housing units, and residents"/>
==Criticisms==
In his 2019 Devane Lecture at [[Yale University]], Professor [[Ian Shapiro]] identified three primary threats to [[American democracy]] posed by the mass spread of Common-interest developments:<ref name="Privatizing Government I: Utilities, Eminent Domain, and Local Government">{{cite web |last1=Shapiro |first1=Ian |title=Lecture 8: Privatizing Government I: Utilities, Eminent Domain, and Local Government |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dULs7w8b-0&list=PLh9mgdi4rNeyViG2ar68jkgEi4y6doNZy&index=8 |website=Yale Broadcast Studio |publisher=[[Yale University]] |accessdate=25 April 2020}}</ref>
'''Undemocratic Boards:'''
The [[Homeowner association|Boards of CIDS]] can be quite undemocratic, because the members of the boards are often selected prior to the construction of the development. They take on the functions of [[Local government|municipal government]] officials but are only very rarely elected to their positions.<ref name="Privatizing Government I: Utilities, Eminent Domain, and Local Government"/>
'''Effects on homelessness:'''
"As seen in [[Albert O. Hirschman|Hirschman's]] [[Exit, Voice, and Loyalty|''Exit, Voice, and Loyalty'']], there are problems here about [[Housing discrimination in the United States|entry]], because if all of the housing in parts of the country are built in these developments and can pick the [the type of consumers they will] serve, what about [[homeless people]]? Where are homeless people going to wind up? They're going to wind up on the streets of [[San Francisco]] or somewhere like that. Because if you want to buy into one of these residences, they don't want you, unless they can ensure you can pay. You're going to go through [[Tenant screening|financial screening]]. You're going to have to prove you can afford to live in the place. People who can't are going to wind up not getting served. If you try to do housing through this type of [[Real estate economics|market]], there's going to be a [[market failure]] that is going to be probably quite costly for governments."<ref name="Privatizing Government I: Utilities, Eminent Domain, and Local Government"/>
'''Segmented Democracy:'''
"[[Douglas W. Rae]] has an essay titled ''Democratic liberty and the tyrannies of place,'' which points to the fact that we're becoming an increasingly segmented democracy. That is, people tend to spend time around people that are like themselves. Of course, CIDs greatly facilitate that, because people will sort by income - or if you go to the ones in Florida, often by [[ethnic group]] - into these relatively homogenous, certainly financially homogenous, groups. We know from [[Cass R. Sunstein]] that like-minded people, if they just talk to one another, tend to become more extreme. So if we get an increasingly segmented democracy of people only hanging around people who look and talk like themselves, this will reinforce a lot of the divisions which are contributing to the [[Political polarization|polarization]] of the electorate. This reinforces the "out of sight, out of mind" mentally about people not like themselves."<ref name="Privatizing Government I: Utilities, Eminent Domain, and Local Government"/>
==References==
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