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'''Modulibacteria''' is a [[Bacterial phyla|bacterial phylum]] formerly known as KS3B3 or GN06. It is a [[Candidatus|candidate]] phylum, meaning there are no cultured representatives of this group. Members of the Modulibacteria phylum are known to cause fatal filament overgrowth (bulking) in high-rate industrial anaerobic wastewater treatment bioreactors.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yamada|first=Takeshi|last2=Yamauchi|first2=Toshihiro|last3=Shiraishi|first3=Koji|last4=Hugenholtz|first4=Philip|last5=Ohashi|first5=Akiyoshi|last6=Harada|first6=Hideki|last7=Kamagata|first7=Yoichi|last8=Nakamura|first8=Kazunori|last9=Sekiguchi|first9=Yuji|date=2007-05-31|title=Characterization of filamentous bacteria, belonging to candidate phylum KSB3, that are associated with bulking in methanogenic granular sludges
The Modulibacteria phylum was first proposed in 2006 by two independent research groups based on analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences. One group recovered Modulibacteria sequences from the a hypersaline microbial mat from Guerrero Negro (Baja California Sur, Mexico) and used the provisional name GN06 for the novel phylum<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ley|first=Ruth E.|last2=Harris|first2=J. Kirk|last3=Wilcox|first3=Joshua|last4=Spear|first4=John R.|last5=Miller|first5=Scott R.|last6=Bebout|first6=Brad M.|last7=Maresca|first7=Julia A.|last8=Bryant|first8=Donald A.|last9=Sogin|first9=Mitchell L.|last10=Pace|first10=Norman R.|date=2006-05-01|title=Unexpected Diversity and Complexity of the Guerrero Negro Hypersaline Microbial Mat
The first genomic insights into the phylum were achieved in 2015, at which time the name "Modulibacteria" was proposed<ref name=":0" />. Two genomes were recovered from methanogenic sludge samples of a full-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating a high-strength organic wastewater discharged from a food-processing factory. Through a combination of genome-based metabolic reconstruction and microscopic observation, it was determined that that the two studied Modulibacteria species (''Moduliflexus flocculans'' and ''Vecturithrix granuli'') produce filamentous structures and are Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic fermenters capable of non-flagellar based gliding motility. Both have an unusually large number of sensory and response regulator genes compared to other bacteria<ref name=":0" />.
Members of the Modulibacteria phylum have been detected in a variety of environments in addition to bioreactors and hypersaline mats, such as wetland sediments ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/FJ516883 FJ516883.1]), the dolphin mouth<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bik|first=Elisabeth M.|last2=Costello|first2=Elizabeth K.|last3=Switzer|first3=Alexandra D.|last4=Callahan|first4=Benjamin J.|last5=Holmes|first5=Susan P.|last6=Wells|first6=Randall S.|last7=Carlin|first7=Kevin P.|last8=Jensen|first8=Eric D.|last9=Venn-Watson|first9=Stephanie|last10=Relman|first10=David A.|date=2016-02-03|title=Marine mammals harbor unique microbiotas shaped by and yet distinct from the sea|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms10516|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|
== Taxonomy ==
The following taxonomy was proposed by Sekiguchi et al (2015)<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Sekiguchi|first=Yuji|last2=Ohashi|first2=Akiko|last3=Parks|first3=Donovan H.|last4=Yamauchi|first4=Toshihiro|last5=Tyson|first5=Gene W.|last6=Hugenholtz|first6=Philip|date=2015-01-27|title=First genomic insights into members of a candidate bacterial phylum responsible for wastewater bulking
* Class Moduliflexia
** Order Moduliflexales
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