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== The current era ==
Findings by [[Dan Ariely]] in 2001 were the first data to support the modern theories of ensemble coding. Ariely used novel experimental paradigms, which he labeled "mean discrimination" and "member identification", to examine how sets of objects are perceived. He conducted three studies involving shape ensembles that varied in size. Across all studies, participants were able to accurately encode the mean size of the ensemble of objects, but they were inaccurate when asked if a certain object was a part of the set. Ariely's findings were the first that found statistical summary information emerge in the visual perception of grouped objects.<ref name="Ariely_2001">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ariely D | title = Seeing sets: representation by statistical properties | journal = Psychological Science | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 157–62 | date = March 2001 | pmid = 11340926 | doi = 10.1111/1467-9280.00327 | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5494c4ca523c5ef1999941e27c5248cea907c7af | jstor = 40063604 }}</ref>
Consistent with Ariely's findings,<ref name="Ariely_2001" /> follow-up research conducted by Sang Chul Chong and Anne Treisman in 2003 provided evidence that participants are engaging in summary statistical processes. Their research revealed that participant's maintained high accuracy in encoding the mean size of the stimuli even with short stimuli presentations as low as 50 milliseconds, memory delays, and object distribution differences.<ref name="Chong_2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chong SC, Treisman A | title = Representation of statistical properties | journal = Vision Research | volume = 43 | issue = 4 | pages = 393–404 | date = February 2003 | pmid = 12535996 | doi = 10.1016/S0042-6989(02)00596-5 }}</ref>
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