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==Sōtō==
From its beginnings, [[Sōtō|Sōtō Zen]] has placed a strong emphasis on lineage and dharma transmission.{{sfn|Dumoulin|
{{quote|[P]ropagated the view that Dharma transmission was dependent on personal initiation between a Master and disciple rather than on the disciple's enlightenment. He maintained this view in the face of strong opposition, citing as authority the towering figure of Japanese Zen, Dogen [...] This became and continues to this day to be the official Sōtō Zen view. {{sfn|Lachs|1999}}}}
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==== Jōza (上座) ====
Becoming a Sōtō-Zen priest starts with ''shukke tokudo'' (出家得度).<ref name=Antaiji1 group=web>[http://antaiji.dogen-zen.de/eng/201003.shtml Muho Noelke, ''Part 1: What does it take to become a full-fledged Sōtō-shu priest and is it really worth the whole deal?
==== Zagen (座元) ====
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{{quote|Dharma transmission can happen once, and only once, or never at all. Multiple dharma transmission is nonsense. If you receive dharma transmission from one teacher, from then on that is your one and only teacher, your real teacher (jap. hon-shi). The multiple lineage holders that you hear of in the West are bullshit. Therefore it is important that both sides, but especially the student, make sure that this is the right time for them to make this important step.<ref name =Antaiji2 group=web />}}
If a student does not have the feeling he wants to be tied to this teacher for the rest of his life, he may refuse to take dharma transmission from this particular teacher.<ref name=Antaiji2 group=web /> Since the time of Manzan Dokahu (1636–1714), multiple dharma transmissions are impossible in Sōtō Zen.<ref name=Antaiji2 group=web />{{sfn|Dumoulin|
In contrast to the status that dharma transmission has acquired in the west, in Japanese Sōtō it has a relatively low status:
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==Rinzai==
At [[Myōshin-ji]], two kinds of ranking systems are being used to rank ''sōryo'' ("a member of the educated clergy, a priest, as opposed to a monk",{{sfn|Borup|2008|p=54}} namely the ''hokai'' (dharma rank) and the ''Tokyū''-class system.{{sfn|Borup|2008|p={{pn|date=May 2020}}}}
===Hōkai===
The ''hōkai'' (dharma rank) system is used to denote ranks in the Buddhist clerical career hierarchy. It has fourteen ranks and titles, starting with the ''shami'' rank.{{sfn|Borup|2008|p=57}} A central, but temporary phase in this career is the stay in a monastery for a few years.{{sfn|Borup|2008|p=54}} Half of the ''jūshoku'' (priests) connected to Myōshin-ji stayed there less than two years, and 10% even shorter than one year.{{sfn|Borup|2008|p=54}} The stay at the monastery is meant to learn the skills and social role necessary to function as a priest:
{{quote|[T]he goal of Zen is not simply an inner state of tranquility but the social reconstruction of the self"{{sfn|Borup|2008|p=56, citing Odin 1996 p. 453.{{fcn|date=May 2020}}}}}}
====Shami====
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Three of the highest ranks are ''shike'' ("Zen master"{{sfn|Borup|2008|p=177}} (of the training hall{{sfn|Borup|2008|p=13}})), ''rekijō''{{sfn|Borup|2008|p=177-178}} and ''tokujūshoku'' (''kancō'', abbot).{{sfn|Borup|2008|p=58}}
According to roshi Sokun Tsushimoto, the title of ''shike'' is equivalent to ''Zen master'' and ''roshi'':<ref group=web name="BD" />
{{quote|'Roshi' is the title compatible with the most formal title 'Shike' who got officially authorized as a Dharma successor by authentic master.<ref group=web name="BD">[http://boeddhistischdagblad.nl/rients-ritskes-op-beschuldiging-raksu-formeel-uitgereikt-als-bewijs-van-een-competent-zenleader/ Boeddhistisch Dagblad, 17
The ''shike'' has received ''inka-shōmei'' or dharma transmission. ''Inka-shōmei'' is used for the transmission of the "true lineage" of the masters (''shike'') of the training halls.{{sfn|Borup|2008|p=13}} There are only about fifty<ref name=antaiji10 group=web>[http://antaiji.dogen-zen.de/eng/adult50.shtml Muho Noelke, ''Part 10: What does it take to become a full-fledged Sōtō-shu priest and is it really worth the whole deal?'']</ref> to eighty<ref group=web name="Buddhadharma">[http://archive.thebuddhadharma.com/issues/2002/winter/dictionary-roshi_winter02.htm Buddhadharma, Dharma Dictionary, ''Roshi'']</ref> of such ''inka-shōmei'' bearers in Japan:
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According to roshi Sokun Tsushimoto,
{{quote|Authorization as a Roshi should be done in the most formal and explicit way. In Rinzai tradition a master gives a calligraphy of Inka-certificate to disciple as a proof of authorization. Needless to say authorization must be backed up by the fact that the disciple spent many years in zen training under the master earnestly and continuously.<ref group=web name="BD" />}}
But according to Mohr,
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Besides the official ranking, several honorific titles are being used:
* ''Oshō'' ("virtuous monk") is being used for an educated teacher (''kyōshi'') above ''Zendōshoku'' rank,{{sfn|Borup|2008|p=58}} "which most persons acquire by having spent a time in the monastery"{{sfn|Borup|2008|p=180}} ''Osho-san'' is used with respect and affection.<ref group=web name="BD" />
* ''Dai-Osho'' is not commonly used in Rinzai priesthood. It is respectfully used for deceased priests.<ref group=web name="BD" />
* ''Daizenji'' ("great master") is attached to the ''Oshō''-title when someone has the Zenjūshoku or Dai kyōshi rank.{{sfn|Borup|2008|p=58}}
* ''Rōshi'' is used for a teacher of ''dai kyōshi'' grade, but also for older teachers. In the west the title ''rōshi'' has acquired the meaning of "enlightened Zen master".{{sfn|Borup|2008|p=58}}
==Sanbo Kyodan==
The [[Sanbo Kyodan]] is a lay lineage mixing Soto and Rinzai-elements.{{sfn|Sharf|1995
The Sanbo Kyodan has two levels of teaching authority, namely ''junshike'' ("associate zen master"), and ''shōshike'' ("authentic zen master").{{sfn|Sharf|1995
The process toward gaining these titles has seen some variations within the Sanbo Kyodan. ''Hasansai'' may be preparatory to the ''junshike''-title, but may also be the promotion to this title. And promotion to ''shoshike'' may be preparatory to dharma transmission, but may also be equivalent to it.{{sfn|Sharf|1995
In dharma transmission, the student receives the ''sanmotsu'', in a lay version of the Soto shiho ceremony.{{sfn|Sharf|1995
==White Plum Asanga==
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==Criticism==
The hierarchical system of Zen has attracted severe criticism in the west, because of the misconception of the role and degree of awakening of Zen teachers.{{sfn|Lachs|1999}}{{sfn|Vladimir K.|2003}}{{sfn|Lachs|
==See also==
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* {{Citation | last =Bodiford | first =William M. | year =2008 | title =Dharma Transmission in Theory and Practice. In: Zen Ritual: Studies of Zen Buddhist Theory in Practice | publisher =Oxford University Press | url =http://korat.ibc.ac.th/files/private/Zen%20Ritual%20Studies%20of%20Zen%20Buddhist%20Theory%20in%20Practice.pdf}}
* {{Citation | last =Borup | first =Jørn | year =2008 | title =Japanese Rinzai Zen Buddhism: Myōshinji, a Living Religion | publisher =Brill}}
* {{Citation | last =Dumoulin | first =Heinrich | author-link = | year =
* {{Citation | last =Dumoulin | first =Heinrich | author-link = | year =
* {{Citation | last =Faure | first =Bernard | year =| title =The Daruma-shū, Dōgen, and Sōtō Zen | journal =Monumenta Nipponica |volume=42 |issue=1 |date=Spring 1987 |pages=25–55}}
* {{Citation | last =Faure | first =Bernard | year =2000 | title =Visions of Power. Imaging Medieval Japanese Buddhism | place =Princeton, New Jersey | publisher =Princeton University Press}}
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==Further reading==
* {{Citation|last=Hori |first=Victor Sogen |year=1994 |title=Teaching and Learning in the Zen Rinzai Monastery. In: Journal of Japanese Studies, Vol.20, No. 1, (Winter, 1994), 5-35 |url=http://www.essenes.net/pdf/Teaching%20and%20Learning%20in%20the%20Rinzai%20Zen%20Monastery%20.pdf |url-status=dead }}
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