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==Theoretical framework==
In routine activity theory, crime is likely to occur when three essential elements of crime converge in space and time: a motivated offender, an attractive target, and the absence of capable guardianship.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="
The analytic focus of routine activity theory takes a macro-level view and emphasizes broad-scale shifts in the patterns of victim and offender behavior. It focuses on specific crime events and offender behavior/decisions. Routine activity theory is based on the assumption that crime can be committed by anyone who has the opportunity. The theory also states that victims are given choices on whether to be victims mainly by not placing themselves in situations where a crime can be committed against them.▼
Motivated offenders are individuals who are not only capable of committing criminal activity, but are willing to do so.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Felson|first=Marcus|last2=Cohen|first2=Lawrence E.|date=1980|title=Human Ecology and Crime: A Routine Activity Approach|jstor=4602572|journal=Human Ecology|volume=8|issue=4|pages=389–406|doi=10.1007/BF01561001}}</ref> This element that has received the most criticism due to the lack of information regarding what it truly is.<ref name="Encyclopedia of Theoretical Criminology">{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/9781118517390.wbetc198 |chapter=Routine Activity Theory |last=Miro |first=Fernando |date=January 31, 2014 |title=The Encyclopedia of Theoretical Criminology |website=Wiley Online Library |url-status=live |edition=first |editor-first=J. Mitchell |editor-last=Miller|isbn=978-1-118-51739-0 |doi=10.1002/9781118517390 |year=2014 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118517390}}</ref> A motivated offender can be pointed out as any type of person who has true intent to commit a crime against an individual or property. However, the motivated offender has to be someone who is able to commit the crime, or, in other words, has everything he or she needs to commit a crime, physically, and mentally.<ref name="Encyclopedia of Theoretical Criminology" /> A suitable target is any type of individual or property that the motivated offender can damage or threaten in the easiest way possible.<ref name="Encyclopedia of Theoretical Criminology" /> If a target is suitable, this means that there is a greater chance that the crime can be committed, rather than, a target that is hard to achieve. The acronym VIVA provides four different attributes of what makes a target actually suitable, in the judgement of the offender.<ref name="Encyclopedia of Theoretical Criminology" /> The acronym goes as follows:▼
===Motivated offender===
▲Motivated offenders are individuals who are not only capable of committing criminal activity, but are willing to do so.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Felson|first=Marcus|last2=Cohen|first2=Lawrence E.|date=1980|title=Human Ecology and Crime: A Routine Activity Approach|jstor=4602572|journal=Human Ecology|volume=8|issue=4|pages=389–406|doi=10.1007/BF01561001}}</ref> This element that has received the most criticism due to the lack of information regarding what it truly is.<ref name="Encyclopedia of Theoretical Criminology">{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/9781118517390.wbetc198 |chapter=Routine Activity Theory |last=Miro |first=Fernando |date=January 31, 2014 |title=The Encyclopedia of Theoretical Criminology |website=Wiley Online Library |url-status=live |edition=first |editor-first=J. Mitchell |editor-last=Miller|isbn=978-1-118-51739-0 |doi=10.1002/9781118517390 |year=2014 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118517390}}</ref> A motivated offender can be pointed out as any type of person who has true intent to commit a crime against an individual or property. However, the motivated offender has to be someone who is able to commit the crime, or, in other words, has everything he or she needs to commit a crime, physically, and mentally.<ref name="Encyclopedia of Theoretical Criminology" />
===Suitable target===
A suitable target is any type of individual or property that the motivated offender can damage or threaten in the easiest way possible.<ref name="Encyclopedia of Theoretical Criminology" /> If a target is suitable, this means that there is a greater chance that the crime can be committed, rather than, a target that is hard to achieve. The acronym VIVA provides four different attributes of what makes a target actually suitable, in the judgement of the offender.<ref name="Encyclopedia of Theoretical Criminology" /> The acronym goes as follows:
: V: Value (The value of achieving the target, in a real or symbolic manner)<ref name="Encyclopedia of Theoretical Criminology" />
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: A: Access (The placement of the individual, or object, that increases, or lessens, the potential risk of the intended attack)<ref name="Encyclopedia of Theoretical Criminology" />
Suitable targets can be a person or object that are seen by offenders as vulnerable or particularly attractive.
===Absence of a suitable guardian===
▲The analytic focus of routine activity theory takes a macro-level view and emphasizes broad-scale shifts in the patterns of victim and offender behavior. It focuses on specific crime events and offender behavior/decisions. Routine activity theory is based on the assumption that crime can be committed by anyone who has the opportunity. The theory also states that victims are given choices on whether to be victims mainly by not placing themselves in situations where a crime can be committed against them.
Guardianship can be a person or an object that is effective in deterring offense to occur<ref name="Social Inequality">{{cite journal |last1=Cohen |first1=Lawrence E. |last2=Kluegel |first2=James R. |last3=Land |first3=Kenneth C. |title=Social Inequality and Predatory Criminal Victimization: An Exposition and Test of A Formal Theory|journal=American Sociological Review|date=1981|pages=505–524}}</ref> and sometimes crime is stopped by simple presence of guardianship in space and time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Felson|first=Marcus|date=1995|title=Those who discourage crime|url=|journal=Crime and Place|volume=4|pages=53–66|via=}}</ref>
==Empirical evidence==
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