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{{Lead extra info|date=January 2019}}
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'''Problem-oriented policing (POP)''', coined by [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] professor [[Herman Goldstein]], is a policing strategy that involves the identification and analysis of specific [[crime]] and [[Civil disorder|disorder]] problems, in order to develop effective response strategies. For years,{{when|date=December 2014}} police focused on the “means” of policing rather than its “ends”, according to Goldstein. Goldstein (1979) called to replace what he termed the reactive, incident-driven “standard model of policing”.<ref>(Weisburd 2010)</ref> This approach requires police to be proactive in identifying underlying problems which can be targeted to reduce crime and disorder at their roots. Goldstein’s view emphasized a [[paradigm shift]] in [[criminal law]], but also in civil statutes and the use of municipal and community resources. Goldstein’s 1979 model was expanded in 1987 by John E. Eck and William Spelman into the [[Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment]] (SARA) model for problem solving.<ref name="what">[http://www.popcenter.org/about-whatisPOP.htm Center for Problem Oriented Policing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505220324/http://www.popcenter.org/about-whatisPOP.htm |date=2008-05-05 }} - What is POP?</ref>
This strategy places more emphasis on [[research]] and analysis as well as [[crime prevention]] and the engagement of public and private [[organization]]s in the reduction of community problems.<ref name="what"/>
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Where, under a traditional system, a patrol officer might answer repeated calls to a certain problem area or "hot spot" and deal only with each individual incident, that officer is encouraged under POP to discover the root cause of the problem and come up with ways of solving it. The goal is to find a cure for the ailment instead of merely treating the symptoms. Some{{Who|date=February 2013}} might confuse community-oriented policing with problem-oriented policing, but the main focus of community-oriented policing is the improvement of the relationship between law enforcement and the citizens, while problem-oriented policing is depending on information of the citizens and a good relationship with the community.<ref name="Kerner 2003"/>
The exploration of possible responses to a problem is handled by patrol officers. Once a problem is identified, officers are expected to work closely with community members to develop a solution, which can include a wide range of alternatives to arrest. Problem-oriented policing gives law enforcement a model for addressing the conditions that created and caused other problems of concern to the community. Communities must ensure law enforcement are addressing and responding to concerns of citizens. Problem-oriented policing is predicated on community involvement and support is key if law enforcement hopes to rectify crime. In [[Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment]] (SARA), “Scanning” is the first step and require police identifying and prioritizing potential problems in their jurisdiction. Second, the acronym “A” stands for analysis, for example analyzing the time of day when incidents occur, determining who the offenders are and why they prefer the park and investigate the particular areas of the park that are most conducive to the activity. In addition, evaluating their environmental design characteristics. Analysis also involves the police to use data sources, so the proper responses can be manifested. The third step, response, has the police develop and implement interventions designed to rectify the problems. The final step is assessment, which involves evaluating the impact of the response and what good has been accomplished.
These may focus on the offender, the community, the environment, outside agencies, or the need for some kind of [[mediation]]. Situations often demand that police and citizens fashion tailor-made responses to problems, so a high degree of importance is placed on creativity and discretion.
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