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According to Paivio, mental images are analogue codes, while the verbal representation of words are symbolic codes. '''Analogue codes''' represent the physical stimuli we observe in our environment, such as trees and rivers. These codes are a form of knowledge representation that retains the main perceptual features of what is being observed. '''Symbolic codes''', on the other hand, are a form of knowledge representation chosen to represent something arbitrarily, as opposed to perceptually. Similar to the way a watch may represent information in the form of numbers to display the time, symbolic codes represent information in our mind in the form of arbitrary symbols, like words and combinations of words, to represent several ideas. Each symbol (x, y, 1, 2, etc.) can arbitrarily represent something other than itself. For instance, the letter x is often used to represent more than just the concept of an x, the 24th letter of the alphabet. It can be used to represent a variable x in mathematics, or a multiplication symbol in an equation. Concepts like multiplication can be represented symbolically by a x because we arbitrarily assign it a deeper concept. Only when we use it to represent this deeper concept does the letter x carry this type of meaning.
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Supporting evidence comes from research that shows that memory for some verbal information is enhanced if a relevant visual is also presented or if the learner can imagine a visual image to go with the verbal information. Likewise verbal information can often be enhanced when paired with a visual image, real or imagined.
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Paivio’s work has implications for literacy, visual [[mnemonics]], idea generation, human factors, interface design, as well as the development of educational materials among others.
== '''References''' ==
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