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=== Paris Agreement ===
[[File:The Eiffel Tower Is Illuminated in Green to Celebrate Paris Agreement's Entry into Force.jpg|thumb|'''The Eiffel Tower Is Illuminated in Green to Celebrate Paris Agreement's Entry into Force''']]More recently, the 2016 [[Paris Agreement]] has come out with [[Intended Nationally Determined Contributions|Nationally Determined Contributions]] (NDCs), which are determined by countries and must be ambitious and progressive with every 5 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement|title=The Paris Agreement {{!}} UNFCCC|website=unfccc.int|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref> Since the NDCs are determined by each individual country, there is a potential problem of countries not being stringent enough with themselves, misreporting, or simply not setting goals<ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Robiou du Pont|firstfirst1=Yann|last2=Jeffery|first2=M. Louise|last3=Gütschow|first3=Johannes|last4=Rogelj|first4=Joeri|last5=Christoff|first5=Peter|last6=Meinshausen|first6=Malte|date=2016-11-19|title=Equitable mitigation to achieve the Paris Agreement goals|journal=Nature Climate Change|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|pages=38–43|doi=10.1038/nclimate3186|issn=1758-6798|url=http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/14181/1/Equitable_mitigation_to_achieve_the_Paris_Agreement_goals.pdf}}</ref> that will meet the under 2°C increase in temperature requirement set out by the [[Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C|2018 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report]] that is deemed necessary to meet in order to mitigate detrimental effects on hundreds of millions of lives.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/spm/|title=Summary for Policymakers — Global Warming of 1.5 ºC|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref> Additionally, the Paris Agreement is at risk because of the United States president announcing the intent to withdraw from the agreement, and enacting policy that is contrary to the goals of the report.<ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Pickering|firstfirst1=Jonathan|last2=McGee|first2=Jeffrey S.|last3=Stephens|first3=Tim|last4=Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen|first4=Sylvia I.|date=2018-08-09|title=The impact of the US retreat from the Paris Agreement: Kyoto revisited?|journal=Climate Policy|volume=18|issue=7|pages=818–827|doi=10.1080/14693062.2017.1412934|s2cid=158398356|issn=1469-3062}}</ref>
== History of climate change frameworks ==
As a result of the historical precedent that international consensus and decision making can be accomplished under the threat of a global environmental issue, with the depletion of the ozone layer, there has been a tendency towards a top-down, consensus-based approach to addressing climate change through the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|UNFCCC]]. This approach is the dominant one where all world governments are engaged, which makes sense as the entire population of the world is affected by this issue. The top-down approach is that of strong central oversight by a majority of world governments in determining how various approaches to climate change mitigation should be implemented.<ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Sépibus|firstfirst1=Joëlle de|last2=Sterk|first2=Wolfgang|last3=Tuerk|first3=Andreas|date=2013-06-01|title=Top-down, bottom-up or in-between: how can a UNFCCC framework for market-based approaches ensure environmental integrity and market coherence?|journal=Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management|volume=3|issue=1–02|pages=6–20|doi=10.1080/20430779.2013.798782|s2cid=219598938|issn=2043-0779|url=https://boris.unibe.ch/90362/1/Top-down%2C%20bottom-up%20or%20in-between%2C%20how%20can%20a%20UNFCCC%20Framework%20for%20Market-based%20Approaches%20Ensure%20Environmental%20Integrity%20and%20Market%20Coherence.pdf}}</ref> This approach has been the largest route to tackling the goal of solving climate change, however the world is not on track to reach the under 2°C warming in average temperature that would help hundreds of millions of people.<ref name=":1" />
Thus, the top-down framework of only utilizing the UNFCCC consensus approach has been proposed to be ineffective, with counter proposals of bottom up governance and decreasing the emphasis of the UNFCCC.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Cole|first=Daniel H.|date=2015-01-28|title=Advantages of a polycentric approach to climate change policy|journal=Nature Climate Change|language=en|volume=5|issue=2|pages=114–118|doi=10.1038/nclimate2490|issn=1758-6798|url=https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/facpub/1415}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Sabel|firstfirst1=Charles F.|last2=Victor|first2=David G.|date=2017-09-01|title=Governing global problems under uncertainty: making bottom-up climate policy work|journal=Climatic Change|language=en|volume=144|issue=1|pages=15–27|doi=10.1007/s10584-015-1507-y|s2cid=153561849|issn=1573-1480}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Zefferman|first=Matthew R.|date=2018-01-01|title=Cultural multilevel selection suggests neither large or small cooperative agreements are likely to solve climate change without changing the game|journal=Sustainability Science|language=en|volume=13|issue=1|pages=109–118|doi=10.1007/s11625-017-0488-3|s2cid=158187220|issn=1862-4057}}</ref> There is a lack of consensus leading to various frameworks being proposed with varying levels of involvement of the UNFCCC and other intergovernmental actors, with proposed local-level approaches, emphasis on innovation and competition, enforcement mechanisms, and minilateral forums.
== Polycentric approach ==
== Minilateralism ==
Minilateralism does falls only loosely into the category of the bottom-up framework as it is against integrating nongovernmental actors and governmental actors in approaching the problem. Aside from this main difference, minilateralism encourages the smallest possible break from the current top-down UNFCCC-led approach where the UNFCCC is still employed but other intergovernmental bodies are also incorporated.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Hjerpe|firstfirst1=Mattias|last2=Nasiritousi|first2=Naghmeh|date=2015-06-15|title=Views on alternative forums for effectively tackling climate change|journal=Nature Climate Change|language=en|volume=5|issue=9|pages=864–867|doi=10.1038/nclimate2684|issn=1758-6798|url=http://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:855124/FULLTEXT01}}</ref> Possible intergovernmental bodies to be utilized include the OECD, the G20, or other international leading bodies that could address the issue further. This encourages the UNFCCC to not completely stop working on addressing the issue from a top-down approach, but in the interim these other bodies are important in furthering the cause. Multilateralism opens up the opportunity for international cooperation initiatives, where the UNFCCC could be supplemented by other multinational organizations that work towards climate change.<ref name=":5" /> This does not account for the free rider problem that the bottom-up approach with sanctions approach accounts for, and instead encourages those who are willing to make change do as much as possible.<ref name=":5" /> This then puts the burden on those who are willing to make change, and can create an example of what should be done, but offers no penalties for those who do not follow suit.
== Failure of governance ==
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