Ateismo: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 13:03, 3 giu 2018

Versione delle 13:06, 3 giu 2018

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L''''ateismo''' ({{lang-grc|ἄθεος|àtheos}}, composto da ''α-'' privativo, ''senza'', e θεός, ''[[dio]]'', letteralmente ''senza dio'') è una [[Filosofia|posizione filosofica]] che, a seconda delle concezioni, nega o non riconosce l'[[esistenza di Dio]]<ref name="Stanford">{{citazione|“Atheism” is typically defined in terms of “theism”. Theism, in turn, is best understood as a proposition—something that is either true or false. It is often defined as “the belief that God exists”, but here “belief” means “something believed”. It refers to the propositional content of belief, not to the attitude or psychological state of believing. This is why it makes sense to say that theism is true or false and to argue for or against theism. If, however, “atheism” is defined in terms of theism and theism is the proposition that God exists and not the psychological condition of believing that there is a God, then it follows that atheism is not the absence of the psychological condition of believing that God exists [...]. The “a-” in “atheism” must be understood as negation instead of absence, as “not” instead of “without”. Therefore, in philosophy at least, atheism should be construed as the proposition that God does not exist (or, more broadly, the proposition that there are no gods)[...] Instead, “atheism” should be defined as a psychological state: the state of not believing in the existence of God (or gods). This view was famously proposed by the philosopher Antony Flew and arguably played a role in his (1972) defense of an alleged presumption of “atheism”. The editors of the Oxford Handbook of Atheism (Bullivant & Ruse 2013) also favor this definition and one of them, Stephen Bullivant (2013), defends it on grounds of scholarly utility. His argument is that this definition can best serve as an umbrella term for a wide variety of positions that have been identified with atheism. Scholars can then use adjectives like “strong” and “weak” to develop a taxonomy that differentiates various specific atheisms..|[[Paul Draper]], "[https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2017/entries/atheism-agnosticism/ Atheism and Agnosticism]", ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (2017), Edward N. Zalta (a cura di).}}</ref><ref name="TreccaniVocabolario">[http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/ateismo/]ateismo s. m. [dal fr. athéisme, der. di athée «ateo»]. – Genericam., il non credere nell’esistenza di Dio o di ogni altra divinità, per agnosticismo, scetticismo o indifferenza religiosa; il termine, spec. in passato, fu riferito all’atteggiamento di pensiero e di vita di chi non aderiva alle credenze religiose o alla filosofia ufficiale della propria comunità, e fu spesso confuso con il materialismo, il panteismo, l’epicureismo. </ref><ref name="osservatorePastafariano">[https://osservatore.chiesapastafariana.it/le-posizioni-dellateo/]Anche perchè quello che significa davvero è “Ciao, non sono un teista“.

Come si fa a passare da “non un teista” a “sicuro che dio non esiste per fede”?</ref><ref name="merriamWebster">[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/atheism]a : a lack of belief or a strong disbelief in the existence of a god or any gods

b : a philosophical or religious position characterized by disbelief in the existence of a god or any gods</ref><ref name="encyc-unbelief-def-issues">{{cite book |last=Harvey |first=Van A. |title=Agnosticism and Atheism |postscript=,}} in {{harvnb|Flynn|2007|p=35}}: "The terms ''ATHEISM'' and ''AGNOSTICISM'' lend themselves to two different definitions. The first takes the privative ''a'' both before the Greek ''theos'' (divinity) and ''gnosis'' (to know) to mean that atheism is simply the absence of belief in the gods and agnosticism is simply lack of knowledge of some specified subject matter. The second definition takes atheism to mean the explicit denial of the existence of gods and agnosticism as the position of someone who, because the existence of gods is unknowable, suspends judgment regarding them&nbsp;... The first is the more inclusive and recognizes only two alternatives: Either one believes in the gods or one does not. Consequently, there is no third alternative, as those who call themselves agnostics sometimes claim. Insofar as they lack belief, they are really atheists. Moreover, since absence of belief is the cognitive position in which everyone is born, the burden of proof falls on those who advocate religious belief. The proponents of the second definition, by contrast, regard the first definition as too broad because it includes uninformed children along with aggressive and explicit atheists. Consequently, it is unlikely that the public will adopt it."</ref><ref name="oxdicphil">{{cite dictionary |editor=Simon Blackburn |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy |title=atheism |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199541430.001.0001/acref-9780199541430-e-278?rskey=GC0Coc&result=279 |accessdate=2013-11-21 |edition=2008 |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |quote=Either the lack of belief that there exists a god, or the belief that there exists none. Sometimes thought itself to be more dogmatic than mere agnosticism, although atheists retort that everyone is an atheist about most gods, so they merely advance one step further.}}<!--Same in 2005 edition: https://books.google.com/books?id=WHILCw0hDA4C&pg=PA27&dq=atheism --></ref><ref name="religioustolerance">Most dictionaries (see the OneLook query for [http://www.onelook.com/?w=atheism&ls=a "atheism"]) first list one of the more narrow definitions.

* {{cite book |url=http://www.ditext.com/runes/a.html |title=Dictionary of Philosophy |editor-first=Dagobert D. |editor-last=Runes| editor-link=Dagobert D. Runes |year=1942 |publisher=Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library |___location=New Jersey |isbn=0-06463461-2 |quote=(a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called "atheistic" because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means "not theistic". The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought |accessdate=2011-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513234916/http://www.ditext.com/runes/a.html |archivedate=13 May 2011 |deadurl=no}} – entry by [[Vergilius Ferm]]</ref><ref name="oxfordDictionaries">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/atheism |encyclopedia=[[OxfordDictionaries.com]] |title=Atheism |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |accessdate=23 April 2017}}</ref>, opposta al [[teismo]] e al [[panteismo]] in generale, al [[politeismo]] e al [[monoteismo]] in particolare.<ref name="Stanford" />

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Generalmente l'ateismo si contrappone al [[teismo]], e in modo particolare al [[monoteismo]] (anche se, nell'«ateismo forte», è esclusa ''ogni'' forma di esistenza che trascenda la natura); talora, infatti, l'opposizione al [[panteismo]] o al [[politeismo]] risulta più sfumata o molto meno sviluppata, come&nbsp;– per esempio&nbsp;– in [[Richard Dawkins]] o [[Daniel Dennett]].

L'ateismo includenon esclude l'[[agnosticismo]], che raggruppa tutti coloro che si astengono dall'esprimersi su una materia quale l'esistenza o meno di una divinità, considerandola a priori inconoscibile. Ateismo e agnosticismo non sono posizioni contrapposte. Un ateo può essere considerato agnostico nel momento in cui, pur non credendo nell'esistenza del divino, ammette di non poterne avere la certezza assoluta. Prendendo in prestito una terminologia in uso nel mondo anglosassone, all'[[Ateismo agnostico|ateo agnostico]] si contrappone l'ateo gnostico, cioè colui che ritiene di poter affermare con certezza la non esistenza del divino<ref>{{cita news|lingua=en|url=http://freethinker.co.uk/2009/09/25/8419/|titolo=Atheist, Gnostic, Theist, Agnostic|accesso=1º dicembre 2012|pubblicazione=the freethinker|urlmorto=sì|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424080115/http://freethinker.co.uk/2009/09/25/8419/|dataarchivio=24 aprile 2014}}</ref>. Un esempio celebre di ateo che non si dichiara del tutto certo dell'esistenza di dio lo si trova [[Richard Dawkins]] che nel suo "L'illusione di dio" si dichiara convinto che l'inesistenza di dio sia solo molto probabile, ma non certa.