Explosive detection: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 16:36, 19 August 2020

Revision as of 23:14, 3 September 2020

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The explosive detection canine was first used in Algeria in 1959 under the command of General Constantine.<ref>{{Citation | title = Practical Guide for Sporting & Working dogs | publisher = Royal Canin | page = 4}}.</ref>

Recent studies suggest that mass spectrometric vapor analysis, such as [[secondary electrospray ionization]] (SESI-MS), could support canine training for explosive detection<ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Ong|firstfirst1=Ta-Hsuan|last2=Mendum|first2=Ted|last3=Geurtsen|first3=Geoff|last4=Kelley|first4=Jude|last5=Ostrinskaya|first5=Alla|last6=Kunz|first6=Roderick|date=2017-06-09|title=Use of Mass Spectrometric Vapor Analysis To Improve Canine Explosive Detection Efficiency|journal=Analytical Chemistry|volume=89|issue=12|pages=6482–6490|doi=10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00451|pmid=28598144|issn=0003-2700}}</ref>.

===Honey bees===

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Specially designed [[X-ray machine]]s can detect explosives by looking at the density of the items being examined. They use [[Computed axial tomography]] based systems that are enhanced with dedicated software, containing an explosives threat library and false-color coding, to assist operators with their dedicated threat resolution protocols.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} X-ray detection is also used to detect related components such as [[detonator]]s, but this can be foiled if such devices are hidden inside other electronic equipment.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.newscientist.com/channel/tech/weapons/dn9715|title=Analysis: Explosive detection technologies| first =Will | last = Knight|date=10 August 2006 |publisher= New Scientist news service}}</ref>

Recently, [[machine learning]] algorithms have been developed that can automatically detect threat in x-ray scans. <ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Heitz|firstfirst1=Geremy|last2=Chechik|first2=Gal|title=Object separation in x-ray image sets|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2010.5539887|date=2010|journal=IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition|pages=2093–2100|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/cvpr.2010.5539887|isbn=978-1-4244-6984-0|s2cid=2643208}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Mery|first=Domingo|title=Simulation in X-ray Testing|date=2015|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20747-6_7|work=Computer Vision for X-Ray Testing|pages=241–266|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbndoi=10.1007/978-3-319-2074620747-96_7|access-dateisbn=2020978-083-18319-20746-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Akcay|firstfirst1=Samet|last2=Breckon|first2=Toby P.|title=An evaluation of region based object detection strategies within X-ray baggage security imagery|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icip.2017.8296499|journal= IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)|publisher=IEEE|date=2017|pages=1337–1341|doi=10.1109/icip.2017.8296499|isbn=978-1-5090-2175-8|s2cid=3451234}}</ref>

===Neutron activation===

Specially designed machines bombard the suspect explosives with neutrons, and read the gamma radiation decay signatures to determine the chemical composition of sample. The earliest developed forms of [[Neutron activation analysis|Neutron Activation Analysis]] use low energy neutrons to determine the ratios of nitrogen, chlorine, and hydrogen in the chemical species in question, and are an effective means of identifying most conventional explosives. Unfortunately, the much smaller [[Neutron cross section|Thermal Neutron Cross Sections]] of carbon and oxygen limit the ability of this technique to identify their abundances in the unknown species, and it is this reason in part that worldwide terror organizations have favored nitrogen absent explosives such as [[Acetone peroxide|TATP]] in the construction of IEDs. Modifications to the experimental protocol can allow for easier identification of carbon and oxygen based species, (e.g. the use of inelastic scattering from fast neutrons to produce detectable gamma rays, as opposed to simple absorption occurring with the thermal neutrons), but these modifications require equipment that is prohibitively more complex and expensive, preventing their widespread implementation.<ref>{{Cite journal | url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264561529 | doi=10.1007/s10967-014-3260-5 | title=A review of conventional explosives detection using active neutron interrogation | journal=Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry| volume= 301| issue=3| pages=629–39| year= 2014 | last1=Whetstone| first1=Z. D. | last2= Kearfott| first2=K. J.| s2cid=93318773 }}</ref>

===Silicon nanowires for trace detection of explosives===