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{{Evolutionary algorithms}}
'''Cartesian genetic programming''' is a form of [[genetic programming]] that uses a [[graph representation]] to encode [[Computer program|computer programs]]. It grew from a method of evolving [[digital circuits]] developed by Julian F. Miller and Peter Thomson in 1997.<ref>Miller, J.F., Thomson, P., Fogarty, T.C.: Designing Electronic Circuits Using Evolutionary Algorithms: Arithmetic Circuits: A Case Study. In: D. Quagliarella, J. Periaux, C. Poloni, G. Winter (eds.) Genetic Algorithms and Evolution Strategies in Engineering and Computer Science: Recent Advancements and Industrial Applications, pp. 105–131. Wiley (1998)</ref> The term ‘Cartesian genetic programming’ first appeared in 1999<ref>Miller, J.F.: An Empirical Study of the Efficiency of Learning Boolean Functions using a Cartesian Genetic Programming Approach. In: Proc. Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, pp. 1135–1142. Morgan Kaufmann (1999)</ref> and was proposed as a general form of genetic programming in 2000.<ref>Miller, J.F., Thomson, P.: Cartesian Genetic Programming. In: Proc. European Conference on Genetic Programming, LNCS, vol. 1802, pp. 121–132. Springer (2000)</ref> It is called ‘[[Cartesian coordinate system|Cartesian]]’ because it represents a program using a two-dimensional grid of [[Node (computer science)|nodes]].<ref name="SumathiHamsapriya2008">{{cite book|author1=S. Sumathi|author2=T. Hamsapriya|author3=P. Surekha|title=Evolutionary Intelligence: An Introduction to Theory and Applications with Matlab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_w7jx5KS0b8C|date=15 May 2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-75382-7|pages=201–}}</ref>
Miller's website<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cartesiangp.com|title=CGP home|website=www.cartesiangp.com|access-date=2018-08-02}}</ref> explains how CGP works. He edited a book entitled ''Cartesian Genetic Programming'',<ref>{{Cite book|date=2011|editor-last=Miller|editor-first=Julian F.|title=Cartesian Genetic Programming|journal=Natural Computing Series|language=en-gb|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-17310-3|issn=1619-7127|isbn=978-3-642-17309-7|citeseerx=10.1.1.8.3777}}</ref> published in 2011 by [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]].
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