Partito Operaio Socialdemocratico Russo: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 10:49, 12 lug 2007

Versione delle 14:40, 12 lug 2007

Riga 8:

Prima del secondo congresso aderì al partito un giovane intellettuale, [[Vladimir Il'ič Ul'janov]] (''Влади́мир Ильи́ч Улья́нов''), meglio conosciuto con lo pseudonimo di [[Lenin]] (''Ле́нин''). Nel [[1902]] pubblicò ''[[Che fare? (Lenin)|Che fare?]]'', in cui tracciava le sue idee sullo scopo del partito e sulla sua strategia: per costituire 'l'avanguardia del [[proletariato]]' serviva un partito disciplinato e centralizzato di attivisti a tempo pieno.

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In [[1903]], the Second Congress of the party met in [[Belgium]] to attempt to create a united force. At the congress, the party split into two irreconcilable factions on [[November 17]]: the [[Bolshevik]]s (''большеви́к''; from Bolshinstvo - [[Russian language | Russian]] for "majority"), headed by Lenin, and the [[Menshevik]]s (''меньшеви́к''; from Menshinstvo - Russian for "minority"), headed by [[Julius Martov]]. Confusingly, the Mensheviks were actually the larger faction, however the names Menshevik and Bolshevik were taken from a vote held at the 1903 party congress for the editorial board of the party journal, ''Iskra'' ("Spark"), with the Bolsheviks being the majority and the Mensheviks being the minority. These were the names used by the factions for the rest of the party congress which debated Lenin's proposals on party organisation and these are the names retained after the split at the 1903 congress, even though Lenin's faction ended up in the minority and remained smaller than the Mensheviks until the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]].

Nel [[1903]] il secondo congresso del partito si tenne in [[Belgio]], come un tentativo di creare una forza unita. Al congresso, tuttavia, il partito si separò in due fazioni inconciliabili il [[17 novembre]]: i bolscevichi (''большеви́к''; da Bolshinstvo - "maggioranza" in russo), capeggiati da Lenin, e i menscevichi (''меньшеви́к''; dal russo Menshinstvo, "minoranza"), guidati da [[Julius Martov]]. Contraddittoriamente, i menscevichi erano in realtà la fazione maggioritaria, tuttavia i nomi menscevico e bolscevico facevano riferimento al voto tenutosi in quel congresso del 1903 per decidere il comitato di redazione del giornale di partito, ''Iskra'' ("Scintilla"), dove i bolscevichi ottennero la maggioranza sui menscevichi. Questi nomi furono usati durante il resto delle discussioni congressuali e continuarono a essere usati anche dopo la rottura, anche se la fazione di Lenin si rivelò meno consistente della menscevica e lo rimase fino alla [[rivoluzione russa]].

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It was Lenin's position on [[democratic centralism]] and on restricting party membership that caused the split. Lenin argued that creating a successful revolution required that party membership be limited only to professional full-time revolutionaries; whereas the Mensheviks favored an open membership policy. Many historians also believe the split was caused in part by ideological differences. The Bolsheviks are often viewed as "revolutionary" Marxists while the Mensheviks can be described as "historical" Marxists. The Bolsheviks pushed for an almost immediate "proletarian" revolution. Conversely, the Mensheviks believed that Russia was still at too early a stage in history for an immediate working-class revolution. Following Marx's writings more strictly, they believed a "bourgeois" revolution must precede the subsequent "proletarian" revolution. Despite a number of attempts at reunification, the split proved permanent.