Field-programmable analog array: Difference between revisions

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A '''field-programmable analog array''' ('''FPAA''') is an [[Integrated circuit|integrated circuit device]] containing computational [[Analog signal|analog]] blocks (CAB)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=Tyson |last2=Twigg |first2=Christopher |last3=Hassler |first3=Paul |last4=Anderson |first4=David |title=APPLICATION PERFORMANCE OF ELEMENTS IN A FLOATING–GATE FPAA |journal=IEEE-Iscas 2004 |date=2004 |volume=II |pages=589–592}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baskaya |first1=F. |last2=Reddy |first2=S. |last3=Sung |first3=Kyu Lim |last4=Anderson |first4=D.V. |title=Placement for large-scale floating-gate field-programable analog arrays |journal=IEEE Transactions on VLSI Systems |date=August 2006|volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=906–910 |url=https://www.computer.org/csdl/trans/si/2006/08/01664910-abs.html|doi=10.1109/TVLSI.2006.878477 |s2cid=16583629 }}</ref> and interconnects between these blocks offering [[field-programmability]]. Unlike their [[Digital signal|digital]] cousin, the [[Field-programmable gate array|FPGA]], the devices tend to be more application driven than general purpose as they may be [[Current-mode logic|current mode]] or voltage mode devices. For voltage mode devices, each block usually contains an [[operational amplifier]] in combination with programmable configuration of passive components. The blocks can, for example, act as [[Analog adder|summers]] or [[integrator]]s.

FPAAs usually operate in one of two modes: [[Discrete time and continuous time|''continuous time'' and ''discrete time'']].

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== History ==

The term FPAA was first used in 1991 by Lee and Gulak.<ref name="1 Lee and Gulak">{{cite document|title=A CMOS Field-programmable analog array," Solid-State Circuits|doi=10.1109/4.104162}}</ref> They put forward the concept of CABs that are connected via a routing network and configured digitally. Subsequently, in 1992<ref name="2 Lee and Gulak">{{cite document|title=Field programmable analogue array based on MOSFET transconductors|s2cid=15702616}}</ref> and 1995<ref name="3 Lee and Gulak">{{cite book|title=A transconductor-based field programmable analog array|chapter=A transconductor-based field-programmable analog array|doi=10.1109/ISSCC.1995.535521|isbn=0-7803-2495-1|year=1995|last1=Lee|first1=E.K.F.|last2=Gulak|first2=P.G.|pages=198–199|s2cid=56613166}}</ref> they further elaborated the concept with the inclusion of op-amps, capacitors, and resistors. This original chip was manufactured using 1.2&nbsp;µm CMOS technology and operates in the 20&nbsp;kHz range at a power consumption of 80&nbsp;mW.

Pierzchala et al introduced a similar concept named '''electronically-programmable analog circuit''' ('''EPAC''').<ref name="4 Pierzchala">{{cite book|title=Current Mode amplifier/integrator for field programmable analog array|chapter=Current-mode amplifier/Integrator for a field-programmable analog array|doi=10.1109/ISSCC.1995.535520|isbn=0-7803-2495-1|year=1995|last1=Pierzchala|first1=E.|last2=Perkowski|first2=M.A.|last3=Van Halen|first3=P.|last4=Schaumann|first4=R.|pages=196–197|s2cid=60724962}}</ref> It featured only a single integrator. However, they proposed a local interconnect [[Network architecture|architecture]] in order to try and avoid the bandwidth limitations.

The '''reconfigurable analog signal processor''' ('''RASP''') and a second version were introduced in 2002 by Hall et al.<ref name="6 Hall">{{cite book|title=Field Programmable Analog Arrays: A Floating-Gate Approach|chapter=Field-Programmable Analog Arrays: A Floating—Gate Approach|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|year=2002|doi=10.1007/3-540-46117-5_45|s2cid=596774|last1=Hall|first1=Tyson S.|last2=Hasler|first2=Paul|last3=Anderson|first3=David V.|volume=2438|pages=424–433|isbn=978-3-540-44108-3}}</ref><ref name="7 Hall">{{cite journal|title=Large scale field programmable analog arrays for analog signal processing|doi=10.1109/TCSI.2005.853401|year=2005|last1=Hall|first1=T.S.|last2=Twigg|first2=C.M.|last3=Gray|first3=J.D.|last4=Hasler|first4=P.|last5=Anderson|first5=D.V.|journal=IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers|volume=52|issue=11|pages=2298–2307|s2cid=1148361}}</ref> Their design incorporated high-level elements such as second order [[Band-pass filter|bandpass filters]] and 4 by 4 vector matrix multipliers into the CABs. Because of its architecture, it is limited to around 100&nbsp;kHz and the chip itself is not able to support independent reconfiguration.

In 2004 Joachim Becker picked up the [[parallel connection]] of OTAs (operational transconductance amplifiers) and proposed its use in a hexagonal local interconnection architecture.<ref name="8 Becker">{{cite journal|title=.,"A continuous-time field programmable analog array (FPAA) consisting of digitally reconfigurable GM-cells|citeseerx = 10.1.1.444.8748}}</ref> It did not require a routing network and eliminated switching the signal path that enhances the frequency response.

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In 2005 Fabian Henrici worked with Joachim Becker to develop a switchable and invertible OTA which doubled the maximum FPAA bandwidth.<ref name="9 Becker">{{cite journal|title=A Continuous-Time Hexagonal Field-Programmable Analog Array in 0.13 µm CMOS with 186MHz GBW|citeseerx = 10.1.1.444.8748}}</ref> This collaboration resulted in the first manufactured FPAA in a [[130 nanometer|0.13&nbsp;µm]] [[CMOS]] technology.

In 2016 Dr. Jennifer Hasler from Georgia Tech. university designed a FPAA System on Chip that uses analog technology to achieve unprecedented power and size reductions.<ref name="11 Hasler">{{cite document|title=A Programmable and Configurable Mixed-Mode FPAA SoC, Jennifer Hasler et al., Georgia Tech., January 7, 2016|doi=10.1109/TVLSI.2015.2504119|s2cid=14027246}}</ref>

==See also==