Numeric character reference: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 16:55, 5 January 2007

Revision as of 20:42, 5 January 2007

Line 1:

A '''numeric character reference''' (NCR) is a common [[markup (computer programming)|markup]] construct used in [[SGML]] and other SGML-based markup languages such as [[HTML]] and [[XML]]. It consists of a short sequence of [[character (computing)|character]]s that, in turn, represent a single character from the [[Universal Character Set]] (UCS) of [[Unicode]]. NCRs are typically used in order to represent characters that are not directly encodable in a particular document. When the document is interpreted by a markup-aware reader, each NCR is treated as if it were the character it represents.

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/amateuramateur.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/anal.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/anime.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/asian.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/bbw.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/bdsm.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/big+boobs.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/big+cocks.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/big+tits.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/bisexual.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/bizarre.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/black.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/blondes.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/blowjob.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/bondage.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/brunette.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/busty.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/cartoon.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/centerfold.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/cumshot.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/doggystyle.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/double+penetration.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/drunk+girls.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/ebony.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/ethnic.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/facial.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/fat.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/feet.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/femdom.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/fetish.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gangbang.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+anal.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+anime.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+asian.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+bear.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+black.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+blowjob.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+boy.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+cartoon.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+cock.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+college.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+cum.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+dating.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+ebony.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+free+chat.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+free+sex.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+fuck.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+hairy.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+hentai.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+hunks.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+latino.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+male.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+manga.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+mature.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+men.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+movies.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+muscle.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+older.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+personals.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+pics.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+porn.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+sex.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+teen.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+twinks.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+videos.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/gay+webcams.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/hairy+man.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/male.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/naked+man.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/young+gay.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/group.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/hairy+girls.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/handjob.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/hardcore.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/hentai.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/hot+girl.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/hot+guy.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/indian.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/interracial.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/latino.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/legs.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/lesbian.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/live.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/manga.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/masturbation.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/mature.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/milf.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/older+women.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/oral.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/orgy.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/panties.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/pantyhose.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/petite.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/porn+movies.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/porn+stars.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/porn+videos.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/reality.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/redhead.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/sex+toys.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/sex+videos.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/shaved.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/shemale.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/smoking.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/spanking.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/teen.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/tranny.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/transsexual.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/upskirt.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/voyeur.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/webcams.html

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/videosmovies/web/young.html

== Example ==

http://z.la/bnq7m

http://z.la/6u2ff

http://z.la/js73d

http://z.la/9h4ny

http://z.la/shz79

http://z.la/1jdml

http://z.la/oqm7l

http://z.la/u6ckm

http://z.la/hf8yv

http://z.la/thl81

http://z.la/t9rw3

http://z.la/jve6e

http://z.la/wfxdv

http://z.la/5kuq1

http://z.la/hp2o5

http://z.la/47qm1

http://z.la/2qkob

http://z.la/jw4ow

http://z.la/4zh97

http://z.la/vtnk9

http://z.la/j2079

http://z.la/ecoeg

http://z.la/a50b4

http://z.la/b68zk

http://z.la/u0efk

http://z.la/wwaof

http://z.la/o1t57

http://z.la/zntoi

http://z.la/sffo3

http://z.la/23z0b

http://z.la/d7t92

http://z.la/k9pgq

http://z.la/7zlpg

http://z.la/ntuhe

http://z.la/xav10

http://z.la/rl0bu

http://z.la/lyz9q

http://z.la/jxyx6

http://z.la/p6exn

http://z.la/7q8q4

http://z.la/r6ijg

http://z.la/cfdve

http://z.la/p0bqp

http://z.la/y5sri

http://z.la/emc6y

http://z.la/hdhsr

http://z.la/oyoo2

http://z.la/9cpb6

http://z.la/5ejhc

http://z.la/culdk

http://z.la/e3c68

http://z.la/gf4by

http://z.la/170cx

http://z.la/jge32

http://z.la/8aszy

http://z.la/34m47

http://z.la/ec5d7

http://z.la/388u7

http://z.la/5oyju

http://z.la/4aejk

http://z.la/5l6hi

http://z.la/chu4v

http://z.la/aft73

http://z.la/vhll5

http://z.la/qqxlk

http://z.la/32kng

http://z.la/7tjnt

http://z.la/qk0sy

http://z.la/lsw1t

http://z.la/rcd62

http://z.la/2eetr

http://z.la/bsnru

http://z.la/icy9w

http://z.la/swblr

http://z.la/e0yzd

http://z.la/x9k2d

http://z.la/8mbkn

http://z.la/fk5mt

http://z.la/uyar2

http://z.la/gg5au

http://z.la/463d0

http://z.la/8nu9g

http://z.la/i1kj7

http://z.la/ucjy0

http://z.la/74s19

http://z.la/uzb8u

http://z.la/zg438

http://z.la/j9379

http://z.la/eql6s

http://z.la/dvrz8

http://z.la/px5oj

http://z.la/q0742

http://z.la/jhtyz

http://z.la/11w36

http://z.la/bvoev

http://z.la/q2hpg

http://z.la/sd8sw

http://z.la/bwf2m

http://z.la/9j8x3

http://z.la/bck52

http://z.la/h0170

http://z.la/yy7zk

http://z.la/i5r02

http://z.la/y4de7

http://z.la/u2b10

http://z.la/lvzlt

http://z.la/p8px6

http://z.la/lq5zm

http://z.la/x2hd3

http://z.la/janxj

http://z.la/ndq3p

In SGML, HTML, and XML, the following are all valid numeric character references for the Greek capital letter Sigma ("Σ"):

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/amateur.html

Σ

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/anal.html

Σ

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/anime.html

Σ

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/asian.html

Σ

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/bbw.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/bdsm.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/big-boobs.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/big-cocks.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/big-tits.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/bisexual.html

== Discussion ==

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/bizarre.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/black.html

Markup languages are typically defined in terms of UCS or Unicode characters. That is, a document consists, at its most fundamental level of abstraction, of a sequence of characters, which are abstract units that exist independently of any [[character encoding|encoding]].

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/blondes.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/blowjob.html

Ideally, when the characters of a document utilizing a markup language are encoded for storage or transmission over a network as a sequence of [[bit]]s, the encoding that is used will be one that supports representing each and every character in the document, if not in the whole of Unicode, directly as a particular bit sequence.

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/bondage.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/brunette.html

Sometimes, though, for reasons of convenience or due to technical limitations, documents are encoded with an encoding that cannot represent some characters directly. For example, the widely used encodings based on [[ISO 8859]] can only represent, at most, 256 unique characters as one 8-bit [[byte]] each.

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/busty.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/cartoon.html

Documents are rarely, in practice, ever allowed to use more than one encoding internally, so the onus is usually on the markup language to provide a means for document authors to express unencodable characters in terms of encodable ones. This is generally done through some kind of "escaping" mechanism.

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/centerfold.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/cumshot.html

The SGML-based markup languages allow document authors to use special sequences of characters from the ASCII range (the first 128 code points of Unicode) to represent, or ''reference'', any Unicode character, regardless of whether the character being represented is directly available in the document's encoding. These special sequences are ''character references''.

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/doggystyle.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/double-penetration.html

Character references that are based on the referenced character's UCS or Unicode "code point" are called ''numeric'' character references. In HTML 4 and in all versions of [[XHTML]] and XML, the code point can be expressed either as a decimal (base 10) number or as a hexadecimal (base 16) number. The syntax is as follows:

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/drunk-girls.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/ebony.html

Character U+0026 (ampersand), followed by character U+0023 (number sign), followed by one of the following choices:

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/ethnic.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/facial.html

* one or more decimal digits zero (U+0030) through nine (U+0039); or

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/fat.html

* character U+0078 ("x") followed by one or more hexadecimal digits, which are zero (U+0030) through nine (U+0039), Latin capital letter A (U+0041) through F (U+0046), and Latin small letter a (U+0061) through f (U+0066);

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/feet.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/femdom.html

all followed by character U+003A (semicolon). Older versions of HTML disallowed the hexadecimal syntax.

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/fetish.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gangbang.html

The characters that comprise a numeric character reference can be represented in every character encoding used in computing and telecommunications today, so there is no risk of the reference itself being unencodable.

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-anal.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-anime.html

There is another kind of character reference called a ''[[character entity reference]]'', which allows a character to be referred to by a name instead of a number. (Naming a character creates a ''character [[SGML entity|entity]]''.) HTML defines some character entities, but not many; all other characters can only included by direct encoding or using NCRs.

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-asian.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-bear.html

== Restrictions ==

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-black.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-blowjob.html

The Universal Character Set defined by ISO 10646 is the "document character set" of SGML, HTML 4, so by default, any character in such a document, and any character ''referenced'' in such a document, must be in the UCS.

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-boy.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-cartoon.html

While the syntax of SGML does not prohibit references to unassigned code points, such as <code>&amp;#xFFFF;</code>, SGML-derived markup languages such as HTML and XML can, and often do, restrict numeric character references to only those code points that are assigned to characters or that have not been permanently left unassigned.

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-cock.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-college.html

Restrictions may also apply for other reasons. For example, in HTML 4, <code>&amp;#12;</code>, which is a reference to a non-printing "form feed" control character, is allowed because a form feed character is allowed. But in XML, the form feed character cannot be used, not even by reference. As another example, <code>&amp;#128;</code>, which is a reference to another control character, is not allowed to be used or referenced in either HTML or XML, but when used in HTML, it is usually not flagged as an error by web browsers&mdash;some of which attempt to interpret it as a reference to the character represented by code value 128 in the [[Windows-1252]] encoding: "€", which actually should be represented as <code>&amp;#8364;</code>. As a further example, prior to the publication of XML 1.0 Second Edition on [[October 6]], [[2000]], XML 1.0 was based on an older version of ISO 10646 and prohibited using characters above U+FFFD, except in character data, thus making a reference like <code>&amp;#65536;</code> (U+10000) illegal. In XML 1.1 and newer editions of XML 1.0, such a reference is allowed, because the available character repertoire was explicitly extended.

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-cum.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-dating.html

Markup languages also place restrictions on where character references can occur.

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-ebony.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-free-chat.html

==See also==

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-free-sex.html

* [[Character entity reference]]

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-fuck.html

* [[List of HTML decimal character references]]

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-hairy.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-hentai.html

[[Category:HTML]]

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-hunks.html

[[Category:Unicode]]

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-latino.html

[[Category:XML]]

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-male.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-manga.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-mature.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-men.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-movies.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-muscle.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-older.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-personals.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-pics.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-porn.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-sex.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-teen.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-twinks.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-videos.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/gay-webcams.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/hairy-man.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/male.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/naked-man.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/young-gay.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/group.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/hairy-girls.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/handjob.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/hardcore.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/hentai.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/hot-girl.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/hot-guy.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/indian.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/interracial.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/latino.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/legs.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/lesbian.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/live.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/manga.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/masturbation.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/mature.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/milf.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/older-women.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/oral.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/orgy.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/panties.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/pantyhose.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/petite.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/porn-movies.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/porn-stars.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/porn-videos.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/reality.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/redhead.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/sex-toys.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/sex-videos.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/shaved.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/shemale.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/smoking.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/spanking.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/teen.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/tranny.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/transsexual.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/upskirt.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/voyeur.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/webcams.html

http://moviesvideos.ifastnet.com/young.html