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Learning engineering is more than simply learning analytics and educational data mining. Learning engineers are involved in designing experiences, learning resources, and support for learning. These paragraphs are a first attempt to get the rest of learning engineering into the introduction. The wikipedia entry can now be enlarged to include learner-centered design design of learning technologies. |
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{{distinguish|Engineering education}}
'''Learning Engineering'' is the systematic application of evidence-based principles and methods from the learning sciences to create engaging and effective learning experiences, support the difficulties and challenges of learners as they learn, and come to better understand learners and learning. It emphasizes the use of a human-centered design approach in conjunction with analyses of rich data sets to iteratively develop and improve those designs to address specific learning needs, opportunities, and problems, often with the help of technology. Working with subject-matter and other experts, the Learning Engineer deftly combines knowledge, tools, and techniques from a variety of technical, pedagogical, empirical, and design-based disciplines to create effective and engaging learning experiences and environments and to evaluate the resulting outcomes. While doing so, the Learning Engineer strives to generate processes and theories that afford generalization of best practices, along with new tools and infrastructures that empower others to create their own learning designs based on those best practices.
'''Learning engineering''' is an interdisciplinary field that employs an iterative design process for improving learning, driven by [[learning sciences]] theory and by data from [[learning analytics]], [[design-based research]], and rapid large-scale experimentation.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Dede|first1=Chris|last2=Richards|first2=John|last3=Saxberg|first3=Bror|date=2018|title=Learning Engineering for Online Education: Theoretical Contexts and Design-Based Examples|url=https://www.routledge.com/Learning-Engineering-for-Online-Education-Theoretical-Contexts-and-Design-Based/Dede-Richards-Saxberg/p/book/9780815394426|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-07-21|website=Routledge & CRC Press|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite document|last=Saxberg|first=Bror|s2cid=12156278|date=April 2017|title=Learning Engineering {{!}} Proceedings of the Fourth (2017) ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale|language=EN|doi=10.1145/3051457.3054019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite document|last1=Koedinger|first1=Ken|s2cid=29186611|date=April 2016|title=Learning Engineering {{!}} Proceedings of the Third (2016) ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale|language=EN|doi=10.1145/2876034.2876054}}</ref> According to the [[IEEE Standards Association]]'s IC Industry Consortium on Learning Engineering, <em>Learning Engineering is a process and practice that applies the learning sciences using human-centered engineering design methodologies and data-informed decision making to support learners and their development.</em><ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=IEEE ICICLE {{!}} a volunteer professional organization committed to the development of Learning Engineering as a profession and as an academic discipline.|url=https://sagroups.ieee.org/icicle/}}</ref> ▼
Supporting learners as they learn is complex, and design of learning experiences and support for learners usually requires interdisciplinary teams. Learning engineers themselves might specialize in designing learning experiences that unfold over time, engage the population of learners, and support their learning; automated data collection and analysis; design of learning technologies; design of learning platforms; or some combination. The products of learning engineering teams include on-line courses (e.g., a particular MOOC), software platforms for offering online courses, learning technologies (e.g., ranging from physical manipulatives to electronically-enhanced physical manipulatives to technologies for simulation or modeling to technologies for allowing immersion), after-school programs, community learning experiences, formal curricula, and more. Learning engineering teams require expertise associated with the content that learners will learn, the targeted learners themselves, the venues in which learning is expected to happen, educational practice, software engineering, and sometimes even more.
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== History ==
[[Herbert A. Simon|Herbert Simon]], a [[Cognitive psychology|cognitive psychologist]] and [[economist]], first coined the term “learning engineering” in 1967.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Simon|first=Herbert A.|date=Winter 1967|title=The Job of a College President|url=http://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=33692|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Carnegie Mellon University University Libraries - Digital Collections}}</ref> However, associations between the two terms “learning” and “engineering” began emerging earlier, in the 1940s<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Watters|first=Audrey|date=2019-07-12|title=The History of the Future of the 'Learning Engineer'|url=http://hackeducation.com/2019/07/12/learning-engineers|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-07-21|website=Hack Education|language=en-US}}</ref> and as early as the 1920s.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Wilcox|first1=Karen E.|last2=Sarma|first2=Sanjay|last3=Lippel|first3=Philip|date=April 2016|title=Online Education: A Catalyst for Higher Education Reforms|url=https://oepi.mit.edu/files/2016/09/MIT-Online-Education-Policy-Initiative-April-2016.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=MIT Online Education Policy Initiative}}</ref> Simon argued that the social sciences, including the field of education, should be approached with the same kind of mathematical principles as other fields like physics and engineering.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1978|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1978/simon/biographical/|access-date=2020-07-21|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US}}</ref>
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<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Frederik|last2=Saxberg|first2=Bror|date=2014|title= Breakthrough Leadership in the Digital Age: Using Learning Science to Reboot Schooling |publisher= Corwin Press |isbn= 9781452255491}}</ref>. A clear line can be drawn from Simon to Saxberg. In 1978, Herb Simon helped bring [[John Robert Anderson (psychologist)|John Anderson]] to Carnegie Mellon and Anderson soon began to test his theory of cognition within intelligent tutoring systems. In 1998, [[Carnegie Learning]] was spun off producing the first widespread use of intelligent tutoring systems in K12 schools. In 2004, [[Kenneth Koedinger]] and [[Kurt Vanlehn]] started the [[Pittsburgh Science of Learning Center]], or LearnLab for short. Bror Saxberg brought his team from Kaplan to visit CMU. The team went back to Kaplan, armed with LearnLab’s KLI framework <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koedinger|first1=Ken|last2=Corbett |first2=Albert|last3=Perfetti|first3=Charles|date=2012 |title=Knowledge-Learning-Instruction (KLI) framework: Bridging the science-practice chasm to enhance robust student learning |url=http://pact.cs.cmu.edu/pubs/Koedinger,%20Corbett,%20Perfetti%202012-KLI.pdf|journal=Cognitive Science |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=757–798|doi=10.1037/a0031955}}</ref>, a theoretical framework linking cognition and instruction. They began executing what we now call learning engineering to enhance, optimize, and test their educational products. Bror Saxberg would later co-write the 2014 book using the term “learning engineering”. It caught on this time.
Subsequently, the term “learning engineering” has come to emphasize a focus on applied research (rather than foundational or theoretical research), as well as incorporating
== Overview ==
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