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Most Arduino boards consist of an [[Atmel]] 8-bit [[AVR microcontroller]] (ATmega8,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-history/silicon-revolution/chip-hall-of-fame-atmel-atmega8|title=Chip Hall of Fame: Atmel ATmega8|work=IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News|access-date=2017-10-10|language=en}}</ref> ATmega168, [[ATmega328]], ATmega1280, or ATmega2560) with varying amounts of flash memory, pins, and features.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products|title=Arduino - Products|website=www.arduino.cc|accessdate=20 February 2018}}</ref> The 32-bit [[Arduino Due]], based on the Atmel [[Atmel ARM-based processors#SAM 3|SAM3X8E]] was introduced in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/2012/10/arduino-due/|title=Microcontroller Maniacs Rejoice: Arduino Finally Releases the 32-Bit Due|accessdate=20 February 2018}}</ref> The boards use single or double-row pins or female headers that facilitate connections for programming and incorporation into other circuits. These may connect with add-on modules termed ''shields''. Multiple and possibly stacked shields may be individually addressable via an [[I²C]] [[serial bus]]. Most boards include a 5 V [[linear regulator]] and a 16 MHz [[crystal oscillator]] or [[ceramic resonator]]. Some designs, such as the LilyPad,<ref>DI TORE, STEFANO, TODINO, MICHELE DOMENICO, PLUTINO, ANTONINA (2019). Le wearable technologies e la metafora dei sei cappelli per pensare a supporto del seamless learning. PROFESSIONALITÀ, vol. Numero 4/II – 2019, p. 118-132, ISSN: 0392-2790</ref> run at 8 MHz and dispense with the onboard voltage regulator due to specific form-factor restrictions.
Arduino microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a [[boot loader]] that simplifies uploading of programs to the on-chip [[flash memory]]. The default bootloader of the [https://www.electroduino.com/arduino-tutorial-1-introduction-to-arduino-board/ Arduino Uno] is the Optiboot bootloader.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://github.com/Optiboot/optiboot|title=Optiboot Bootloader for Arduino and Atmel AVR| accessdate=2015-10-01}}</ref> Boards are loaded with program code via a serial connection to another computer. Some serial Arduino boards contain a level shifter circuit to convert between [[RS-232]] logic levels and [[transistor–transistor logic]] (TTL) level signals. Current Arduino boards are programmed via [[Universal Serial Bus]] (USB), implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such as the [[FTDI]] FT232. Some boards, such as later-model Uno boards, substitute the [[FTDI]] chip with a separate AVR chip containing USB-to-serial firmware, which is reprogrammable via its own [[In-system programming|ICSP]] header. Other variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial Boarduino, use a detachable USB-to-serial adapter board or cable, [[Bluetooth]] or other methods. When used with traditional microcontroller tools, instead of the Arduino IDE, standard AVR [[in-system programming]] (ISP) programming is used.
[[File:UnoConnections.jpg|thumb|An official Arduino Uno R2 with descriptions of the I/O locations]]
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