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This repackaging of computing services became the foundation of the shift to "[[Code on demand|on demand]]" computing, [[software as a service]] and [[cloud computing]] models that further propagated the idea of computing, application and network as a service.
There was some initial skepticism about such a significant shift.<ref>{{citation | publisher=ZD Net | url=http://www.zdnet.com/news/on-demand-computing-what-are-the-odds/296135 | title=On-demand computing: What are the odds?
IBM, HP and Microsoft were early leaders in the new field of utility computing, with their business units and researchers working on the architecture, payment and development challenges of the new computing model. Google, Amazon and others started to take the lead in 2008, as they established their own utility services for computing, storage and applications.
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