Encoding (memory): Difference between revisions

Revision as of 19:34, 22 November 2020

Revision as of 22:24, 2 December 2020

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Acoustic encoding is the encoding of auditory impulses. According to Baddeley, processing of auditory information is aided by the concept of the phonological loop, which allows input within our echoic memory to be sub vocally rehearsed in order to facilitate remembering.<ref name="text"/>

When we hear any word, we do so by hearing individual sounds, one at a time. Hence the memory of the beginning of a new word is stored in our echoic memory until the whole sound has been perceived and recognized as a word.<ref>{{cite book|last=Carlson and Heth(2010)|title=Psychology the Science of Behaviour 4e|publisher=Pearson Education Canada|___location=Chapter 8|page=233}}</ref>

Studies indicate that lexical, semantic and phonological factors interact in verbal working memory. The phonological similarity effect (PSE), is modified by word concreteness. This emphasizes that verbal working memory performance cannot exclusively be attributed to phonological or acoustic representation but also includes an interaction of linguistic representation.<ref name="Acheson">Acheson, D.J., MacDonald, M.C., & Postle, B.R. (2010). The Interaction of Concreteness and Phonological Similarity in Verbal Working Memory. Journal of Experimental Psychogy: Learning, Memory and Cognition; 36:1, 17-36.</ref> What remains to be seen is whether linguistic representation is expressed at the time of recall or whether the representational methods used (such as recordings, videos, symbols, etc.) participate in a more fundamental role in encoding and preservation of information in memory.<ref name="Acheson"/> The brain relies primarily on acoustic (aka phonological) encoding for use in short-term storage and primarily semantic encoding for use in long-term storage.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hughes|first1=Robert W.|last2=Chamberland|first2=Cindy|last3=Tremblay|first3=Sébastien|last4=Jones|first4=Dylan M.|date=October 2016|title=Perceptual-motor determinants of auditory-verbal serial short-term memory|journal=Journal of Memory and Language|language=en|volume=90|pages=126–146|doi=10.1016/j.jml.2016.04.006|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Baddeley|first=A. D.|date=1966|title=The Influence of Acoustic and Semantic Similarity on Long-term Memory for Word Sequences|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640746608400047|journal=Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology|volume=18|issue=4|pages=302–309|doi=10.1080/14640746608400047|issn=0033-555X|via=}}</ref>

===Other senses===

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=== Salience ===

{{main|Salience (language)|Salience (neuroscience)}}

When an item or idea is considered "salient", it means the item or idea appears to noticeably stand out.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com|title=Definition of Salient|url-status=live|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref> When information is salient, it may be encoded in memory more efficiently than if the information did not stand out to the learner.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Krauel|first1=Kerstin|last2=Duzel|first2=Emrah|last3=Hinrichs|first3=Hermann|last4=Santel|first4=Stephanie|last5=Rellum|first5=Thomas|last6=Baving|first6=Lioba|date=2007-06-15|title=Impact of Emotional Salience on Episodic Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study|journal=Biological Psychiatry|language=en|volume=61|issue=12|pages=1370–1379|doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.051|pmid=17210138|s2cid=23255107}}</ref> In reference to encoding, any event involving survival may be considered salient. Research has shown that survival may be related to the self-reference effect due to evolutionary mechanisms.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cunningham|first1=Sheila J.|last2=Brady-Van den Bos|first2=Mirjam|last3=Gill|first3=Lucy|last4=Turk|first4=David J.|date=2013-03-01|title=Survival of the selfish: Contrasting self-referential and survival-based encoding|journal=Consciousness and Cognition|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=237–244|doi=10.1016/j.concog.2012.12.005|pmid=23357241|s2cid=14230747|url=https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/publications/1a5cf356-4dda-40e1-b1f9-b1764e7971ab}}</ref> Researchers have discovered that even words that are high in survival value are encoded better than words that are ranked lower in survival value.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Nairne|first1=James S.|last2=Thompson|first2=Sarah R.|last3=Pandeirada|first3=Josefa N. S.|date=2007|title=Adaptive memory: Survival processing enhances retention.|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition|language=en|volume=33|issue=2|pages=263–273|doi=10.1037/0278-7393.33.2.263|pmid=17352610|issn=1939-1285}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Weinstein|first1=Y.|last2=Bugg|first2=J. M.|last3=Roediger|first3=H. L.|date=2008-07-01|title=Can the survival recall advantage be explained by basic memory processes?|journal=Memory & Cognition|language=en|volume=36|issue=5|pages=913–919|doi=10.3758/MC.36.5.913|pmid=18630198|issn=0090-502X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Some research supports evolution, claiming that the human species remembers content associated with survival.<ref name=":4" /> Some researchers wanted to see for themselves whether or not the findings of other research was accurate.<ref name=":5" /> The researchers decided to replicate an experiment with results that supported the idea that survival content is encoded better than other content.<ref name=":5" /> The findings of the experiment further suggested that survival content has a higher advantage of being encoded than other content.<ref name=":5" />

=== Retrieval Practice ===