Methods of neuro-linguistic programming: Difference between revisions

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{{cite journal|last= Sharpley|first= Christopher F.|title= Research findings on neurolinguistic programming: Nonsupportive data or an untestable theory?|journal=Journal of Counseling Psychology|date=1 January 1987|volume=34|issue=1|pages=103–107|doi=10.1037/0022-0167.34.1.103|url=http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?nfpb=true&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ352101&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=eric_accno&objectId=0900000b8005c1ac}}</ref> which teaches that people are only able to directly perceive a small part of the world using their conscious awareness, and that this view of the world is filtered by experience, beliefs, values, assumptions, and biological sensory systems. NLP argues that people act and feel based on their perception of the world and how they feel about that world they subjectively experience.

NLP teaches that language and behaviors (whether functional or dysfunctional) are highly structured, and that this structure can be 'modeled' or copied into a reproducible form.<ref name="Bandler & Grinder 1979">{{cite book | author=Bandler, R., Grinder, J. | title=Frogs into Princes: Neuro Linguistic Programming | ___location=Moab, UT | publisher=Real People Press. | year=1979 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/frogsintoprinces00band_0/page/149 149 (pp. 15, 24, 30, 45, 52)] | isbn=0-911226-19-2 | url=https://archive.org/details/frogsintoprinces00band_0/page/149 }}</ref>{{unreliable fringe source|date=September 2017}} Using NLP a person can 'model' the more successful parts of their own behavior in order to reproduce it in areas where they are less successful or 'model' another person to effect belief and behavior changes to improve functioning. If someone excels in some activity, it can be [[Modeling (NLP)|learned]] how specifically they do it by observing certain important details of their behavior.<ref name="Bandler & Grinder 1975a">{{cite book |author1=Bandler, Richard |author2=John Grinder |name-list-style=amp | title=The Structure of Magic I: A Book About Language and Therapy | ___location=Palo Alto, CA | publisher=Science & Behavior Books | year=1975|isbn= 0-8314-0044-7}}</ref>{{unreliable fringe source|date=September 2017}} NLP embodies several techniques, including hypnotic techniques, which proponents claim can affect changes in the way people think, learn and communicate.<ref name="Dilts et al. 1980">{{cite book | author=Dilts, R.B., Grinder, J., Bandler, R., DeLozier, J.A. | title=Neuro-Linguistic Programming: Volume I - The Study of the Structure of Subjective Experience | publisher=Meta Publications | year=1980 | isbn=0-916990-07-9 | pages=284(pp.3–4,) | url=https://archive.org/details/neurolinguisticp01dilt | url-access=registration }}</ref>{{unreliable fringe source|date=September 2017}} NLP is an eclectic field, often described as a 'toolbox' which has borrowed heavily from other fields in collating its presuppositions and techniques.

==Internal 'maps' of the world==

NLP calls each individual's perception of the world their 'map'.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} NLP teaches that our mind-body{{clarify|date=September 2017}} (neuro) and what we say (language) all interact together to form our perceptions of the world, or maps (programming). Each person's map of the world determines feelings and behavior.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} Therefore, impoverished – and unrealistic – maps can restrict choices and result in problems.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}

As an approach to personal development or therapy it involves understanding that people create their own internal 'map' or world, recognizing unhelpful or destructive patterns of thinking based on impoverished maps of the world, then modifying or replacing these patterns with more useful or helpful ones. There is also an emphasis on ways to change internal representations or maps of the world in order to increase behavioral flexibility.<ref name="Bandler & Grinder 1979" />{{unreliable fringe source|date=September 2017}}<ref name="Bandler & Grinder 1975a" />{{unreliable fringe source|date=September 2017}}<ref name="Bandler & Grinder 1983">{{cite book |author1=Bandler, Richard |author2=John Grinder |name-list-style=amp | title=Reframing: Neurolinguistic programming and the transformation of meaning | ___location=Moab, UT | publisher=Real People Press. | year=1983 | pages=appendix II,p.171}}</ref>{{unreliable fringe source|date=September 2017}}

==Modeling==

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;3. Indirect communication

The third aspect of the Milton model is that it is purposely vague and metaphoric for the purpose of accessing the unconscious mind. It is used to soften the meta model and make indirect suggestions.<ref name="Bandler & Grinder 1976">Bandler, Richard & John Grinder (1976). Patterns of the Hypnotic Techniques of Milton H. Erickson, M.D. Volume 1. Cupertino, CA :Meta Publications. {{ISBN|0-916990-01-X}}.</ref>{{unreliable fringe source|date=September 2017}} A direct suggestion merely states what is wanted, for example, "when you are in front of the audience you will not feel nervous". In contrast an indirect suggestion is less authoritative and leaves an opportunity for interpretation, for example, "When you are in front of the audience, you might find yourself feeling ever more confident". This example follows the indirect method leaving both the specific time and level of self-confidence unspecified. It might be made even more indirect by saying, "when you come to a decision to speak in public, you may find it appealing how your feelings have changed." The choice of speaking in front of the audience, the exact time and the likely responses to the whole process are framed but the imprecise language gives the client the opportunity to fill in the finer details.<ref name="Zahourek 2002">Rothlyn P Zahourek. (2002) Utilizing Ericksonian hypnosis in psychiatric-mental health nursing practice Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. Philadelphia: Jan-Mar 2002. Vol.38, Iss. 1; pg. 15, 8 pgs</ref>

==Representational systems==

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;Submodalities

Submodalities are the fine details of representational systems. For example, the submodalities of sight include light/dark, colour/monochrome, sharp/blurred.<ref>Beale, M. NLP Techniques: Senses and Submodalities https://www.nlp-techniques.org/what-is-nlp/senses-submodalities/</ref> In the late 1970s the developers of NLP began experimenting with the submodalities of representational systems involving the enhancement of visualisation techniques (common in sports psychology and meditation), by including other sensory systems.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} Submodalities involve the relative size, ___location, brightness of internal images, the volume and direction of internal voices and sounds, and the ___location, texture, and movement of internally created sensations.<ref name="Tosey & Mathison 2003">Tosey, P. Jane Mathison (2003) Neuro-linguistic Programming and learning theory: a response ''The Curriculum Journal'' Vol.14 No.3 p.371-388 See also (available online): [http://www.leeds.ac.uk/educol/documents/00003319.htm Neuro-linguistic programming: its potential for learning and teaching in formal education]</ref> Submodalities and hypnosis became the focus of Richard Bandler's later work.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} A typical change process may involve manipulating the submodalities of internal representations.<ref>Landsiedel, S. [https://www.landsiedel.com/en/nlp-library/submodalities.html "Working with Submodalities"]. landsiedel.com/en/ </ref> For example, someone may see their future as 'dark and cloudy' with associated emotions, but would seek through NLP to perceive, and feel it, as 'light and clear'. Other training exercises develop a person's ability to move around internal images, change the quality of sounds and find out how these affect the intensity of internal feelings or other submodalities. Although NLP did not discover submodalities, it appears that the proponents of NLP may have been the first to systematically use manipulation of submodalities for therapeutic or personal development purposes, particularly phobias, compulsions and addictions.<ref name="Dilts & Delozier 2000">{{cite book | last = Dilts | first = Robert B |author2=DeLozier, Judith A | title = Encyclopedia of Systemic Neuro-Linguistic Programming and NLP New Coding | publisher = NLP University Press |year= 2000 | url = http://www.nlpuniversitypress.com/ | isbn = 0-9701540-0-3}}</ref>{{unreliable fringe source|date=September 2017}}

==Meta-programs==

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{{quote|[programs] which guide and direct other thought processes. Specifically they define common or typical patterns in the strategies or thinking styles of a particular individual, group or culture.}}

The book ''Words that Change Minds'' by Shelle Rose Charvet documents 13 distinct metaprograms categories affecting workplace motivation and performance, commonly known as the Language and Behaviour (LAB) Profile. It is based on the work of Rodger Bailey and Ross Steward who wanted to make metaprograms usable to people without NLP training.{{cncitation needed|date= September 2020}}

==Aphorisms/presuppositions==

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===Reframing===

Another technique, "reframing" functions through "changing the way you perceive an event and so changing the meaning. When the meaning changes, responses and behaviors will also change. Reframing with language allows you to see the world in a different way and this changes the meaning. Reframing is the basis of jokes, myths, legends, fairy tales and most creative ways of thinking."<ref name="Joseph O'Connor">{{cite book|

first= Joseph | last= O'Connor|title=NLP: A Practical Guide to Achieving the Results You Want: Workbook|publisher=Harper Collins|year=2001}}</ref> There are examples in children's literature; for example, the fictional [[Pollyanna]] would play [[The Glad Game]] whenever she felt down about life, to remind herself of the things that she could do, and not worry about the things she couldn't. Alice Mills also says that this occurs in [[Hans Christian Andersen]]'s story where, to the surprise of the [[ugly duckling]], the beautiful creatures welcome and accept him; gazing at his reflection, he sees that he too is a swan.<ref name="Mills 1999">{{cite book| first= Alice | last= Mills |title=Pollyanna and the not so glad game |publisher=Storrs|year=1999|pages=87, 18}}</ref> Reframing is common to a number of therapies and is not original to NLP.<ref name="Sharpley 1987"/>{{rp|103–107, 105}}

An example of NLP reframing is the "six-step reframe"<ref>{{cite web| last= Beale |first= M. | title= NLP Techniques: Six Step Reframing | url= https://www.nlp-techniques.org/what-is-nlp/six-step-reframing/ | website= nlp-techniques.org | publisher= | date= | accessdate= }}</ref> which involves distinguishing between an underlying intention and the consequent behaviors for the purpose of achieving the intention by different and more successful behaviors. It is based on the notion that there is a positive intention behind all behaviors, but that the behaviors themselves may be unwanted or counterproductive in other ways. NLP uses this staged process to identify the intention and create alternative choices to satisfy that intention.