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On the other hand, this estimated cost cannot be lower than the effective cost that can be obtained by extending the solution, as otherwise the algorithm could backtrack while a solution better than the best found so far exists. As a result, the algorithm requires an upper bound on the cost that can be obtained from extending a partial solution, and this upper bound should be as small as possible.
A variation of this approach called Hansen's method uses [[Interval arithmetic#History|interval methods]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Leader|first=Jeffery J. | title=Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computation |year=2004|publisher=Addison Wesley
====First-choice bounding functions====
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==Further reading==
*{{cite book |first=Dimitri P. |last=Bertsekas |
*{{cite book
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