Methods of neuro-linguistic programming: Difference between revisions

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{{Neuro-linguistic programming|expanded=topics}}

The '''methods of neuro-linguistic programming''' are the specific techniques used to perform and teach [[neuro-linguistic programming]], a [[pseudoscience]]<ref name="Thyer">{{Cite book|title=Science and Pseudoscience in Social Work Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nE9FCQAAQBAJ&lpg=PA166&vqq=nlp&pg=PA166#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=Springer Publishing Company|date=2015-05-15|isbn=9780826177698|first1=Bruce A.|last1=Thyer|first2=Monica G.|last2=Pignotti|pages=56–57, 165–167|quote=As NLP became more popular, some research was conducted and reviews of such research have concluded that there is no scientific basis for its theories about representational systems and eye movements.}}</ref><ref name="Sharpley 1987">

{{cite journal|last= Sharpley|first= Christopher F.|title= Research findings on neurolinguistic programming: Nonsupportive data or an untestable theory?|journal=Journal of Counseling Psychology|date=1 January 1987|volume=34|issue=1|pages=103–107|doi=10.1037/0022-0167.34.1.103|url=http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?nfpb=true&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ352101&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=eric_accno&objectId=0900000b8005c1ac}}</ref> which teaches that people are only able to directly perceive a small part of the world using their conscious awareness, and that this view of the world is filtered by experience, beliefs, values, assumptions, and biological sensory systems. NLP argues that people act and feel based on their perception of the world and how they feel about that world they subjectively experience.

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Originally, NLP taught that most people had an internal preferred representational system (PRS) and preferred to process information primarily in one sensory modality.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}} The practitioner could ascertain this from external cues such as the direction of eye movements, posture, breathing, voice tone and the use of sensory-based predicates. If a person repeatedly used predicates such as "I can ''see'' a ''bright'' future for myself", the words "see" and "bright" would be considered visual predicates. In contrast "I can feel that we will be comfortable" would be considered primarily kinesthetic because of the predicates "feel" and "comfortable". These verbal cues could also be coupled with posture changes, skin color or breathing shifts. The theory was that the practitioner by matching and working within the preferred representational system could achieve better communication with the client and hence swifter and more effective results. Many trainings and standard works still teach PRS<ref name="OConnor & Seymour 2002"/> whilst other proponents{{who|date=August 2017}} have de-emphasized the existence and relevance of PRS and instead emphasize working within all representational systems.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}} Responding directly to sensory experience requires an immediacy which respects the importance of context.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}} Grinder has stated that a representational system diagnosis lasts about 30 seconds.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}

Although there is some research that supports the notion that eye movements can indicate visual and auditory (but not kinesthetic) components of thought in that moment,<ref name="Buckner 1987">Buckner, Meara, Reese, and Reese (1987) Journal of Counseling Psychology , Vol. 34(3), pp.283-287</ref> the existence of a preferred representational system ascertainable from external cues (an important part of original NLP theory) was discounted by research in the 1980s.<ref name="Sharpley 1984">Sharpley, C. F. (1984). Predicate matching in NLP: A review of research on the preferred representational system. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(2), 238-248.</ref><ref name="Heap 1988">{{cite book | author=Heap, M. | title=Neuro-linguistic programming, In M. Heap (Ed.) Hypnosis: Current Clinical, Experimental and Forensic Practices | ___location=London | publisher=Croom Helm | year=1988 | url=http://www.surenkolkankar.com/wp-content/uploads/nlp1.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="Elich 1985">Elich, M., Thompson, R. W., & Miller, L. (1985). [http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ327573&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=eric_accno&objectId=0900000b800561ca Mental imagery as revealed by eye movements and spoken predicates: A test of neurolinguistic programming]. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32(4), 622-625. note: "psychological fad"p.625</ref>

;Submodalities

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===Anchoring===

NLP teaches that we constantly make "anchors" ([[classical conditioning]]) between what we see, hear and feel; and our emotional states. While in an emotional state if a person is exposed to a unique stimulus (sight, sound or touch), then a connection is made between the emotion and the unique stimulus. If the unique stimulus occurs again, the emotional state will then be triggered. NLP teaches that anchors (such as a particular touch associated with a memory or state) can be deliberately created and triggered to help people access 'resourceful' or other target states.<ref name="Krugman 1985">Krugman, Martin, ''et al.'' "Neuro-linguistic programming treatment for anxiety: Magic or myth?" ''[[Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology]]''. August 1985, Vol. 53(4) pp. 526–530.</ref> Anchoring appears to have been imported into NLP from family therapy as part of the 'model' of [[Virginia Satir]].<ref name= "Haber 2002">{{cite journal | last= Haber | first= Russell | title= Virginia Satir: An integrated, humanistic approach| workjournal= [[Contemporary Family Therapy]] |volume= 24 | number= 1 | date= March 2002| pages= 23–34| issn= 1573-3335 |doi= 10.1023/A:1014317420921| s2cid= 142866721 }}</ref>

===Future pacing===