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[[File:Gulfair.a330-200.a40-kc.arp.jpg|thumb|right|A330-200 in flight]]
Airbus aircraft designs after the [[Airbus A300|A300]]/[[Airbus A310|A310]] are almost completely controlled by fly-by-wire equipment. These newer aircraft, including the [[Airbus A320 family|A320]], [[Airbus A330|A330]], [[Airbus A340|A340]], [[Airbus A350|A350]] and [[Airbus A380|A380]] operate under Airbus flight control laws.<ref name="SmartCockpit - A330 Flight Controls">{{cite web|url=http://www.smartcockpit.com/pdf/plane/airbus/A330/systems/0010/ |title=Airbus 330 – Systems – Flight Controls |work=SmartCockpit – Airline training guides, Aviation, Operations, Safety |accessdate=July 12, 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20090612084314/http://www.smartcockpit.com/pdf/plane/airbus/A330/systems/0010/ |archivedate=June 12, 2009 }}</ref> The flight controls on the Airbus A330, for example, are all electronically controlled and hydraulically activated. Some surfaces, such as the rudder, can also be mechanically controlled. In normal flight, the computers act to prevent excessive forces in pitch and roll.<ref name="SmartCockpit - A330 Flight Controls"/>[[File:Fly by wire A321 cockpit.jpg|thumb|left|Airbus A321
[[File:Airspeed indication system - fly by wire.png|thumb|Illustration of the
The aircraft is controlled by three primary control computers (captain's, first officer's, and standby) and two secondary control computers (captain's and first officer's). In addition there are two flight control data computers (FCDC) that read information from the sensors, such as air data (airspeed, altitude). This is fed along with GPS data, into three [[redundancy (engineering)|redundant]] processing units known as [[air data inertial reference unit]]s (ADIRUs) that act both as an air data reference and inertial reference. ADIRUs are part of the air data inertial reference system, which, on the Airbus is linked to eight [[air data module]]s: three are linked to [[pitot tubes]] and five are linked to static sources. Information from the ADIRU is fed into one of several flight control computers (primary and secondary flight control). The computers also receive information from the control surfaces of the aircraft and from the pilot's aircraft control devices and autopilot. Information from these computers is sent both to the pilot's primary flight display and also to the control surfaces.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}}
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In the ''mechanical control'' back-up mode, pitch is controlled by the mechanical trim system and lateral direction is controlled by the rudder pedals operating the rudder mechanically.<ref name="urlCrossing the Skies » Fly-by-wire and Airbus Laws"/>
==Boeing 777
[[File:Boeing 777-200ER cockpit.jpg|thumb|right|The cockpit of the 777 is similar to 747-400, a fly-by-wire control simulating mechanical control]]
The fly-by-wire electronic flight control system of the Boeing 777 differs from the Airbus EFCS. The design principle is to provide a system that responds similarly to a mechanically controlled system.<ref name="Boeing B-777: Fly-By-Wire Flight Controls">{{cite web |url=http://www.davi.ws/avionics/TheAvionicsHandbook_Cap_11.pdf |title=11 Boeing B-777: Fly-By-Wire Flight Controls | author=Gregg F. Bartley – Boeing | date=May 4, 2008 | accessdate=October 8, 2016}}</ref> Because the system is controlled electronically the flight control system can provide [[flight envelope]] protection.
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