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'''Codex Zacynthius''' (designated by [[siglum]] '''Ξ''' or '''040''' in the [[Biblical manuscript#Gregory-Aland|Gregory-Aland]] numbering; A<sup>1</sup> in [[Biblical manuscript#Von Soden|von Soden]])<ref name = Gregory1908>{{Cite book|last=Gregory|first=Caspar René|
| last = Aland
| first = Kurt
|
| last2 = Aland
| first2 = Barbara
|
| others = Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.)
| title = The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism
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| url = https://archive.org/details/textnewtestament00kurt
| url-access = limited
| isbn = 978-0-8028-4098-1}}</ref> First thought to have been written in the 8th century,<ref>C. R. Gregory, [https://archive.org/stream/canonandtextnew00greguoft#page/n377/mode/2up "Canon and Text of the New Testament"] ([[T & T Clark]]: Edinburgh 1907), p. 361</ref> it is a [[palimpsest]]—the original (lower) text was washed off its [[vellum]] pages and overwritten in the 12th or 13th century. The upper text of the palimpsest contains weekday Gospel lessons; the lower text contains portions of the [[Gospel of Luke]], deciphered by biblical scholar and palaeographer [[Samuel Prideaux Tregelles|Tregelles]] in 1861. The lower text is of most interest to scholars.
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== Description ==
The lower text of the manuscript contains fragments of the chapters 1:1-11:33 of the [[Gospel of Luke]]. The codex comprises 86 thick, coarse parchment leaves and three partial leaves;<ref name = Aland/><ref name=Waltz /> it measures 36 x 29 cm.<ref name = Gregory/> The text was written in a single column with well-formed [[uncial script]]. The letters are large, round and narrow, without [[spiritus asper]], [[spiritus lenis]], or accents.<ref name = Gregory>{{Cite book | last = Gregory | first = Caspar René |
Abbreviations are rarely used in the codex. The handwriting is very close to that of the [[Rossano Gospels]].<ref name = Pocock137a>N. Pocock, [https://archive.org/stream/academyliteratur19londuoft#page/136/mode/2up ''The Codex Zacynthius''], The Academy (London, 19 February 1881), s. 137a.</ref> The errors of [[itacism]] occur, but not so often as in [[Codex Sinaiticus]] and [[Codex Vaticanus]]. It uses grammatical forms typical of the ancient manuscripts (e.g. ειπαν, ηλθαν, ευραν), which are not used in later medieval manuscripts.<ref name = Pocock137a/>
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| last = Wisse
| first = Frederik
| title = The profile method for the classification and evaluation of manuscript evidence, as Applied to the Continuous Greek Text of the Gospel of Luke
| publisher = [[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]]
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| page = [https://archive.org/details/profilemethodfor00wiss/page/52 52]
| url = https://archive.org/details/profilemethodfor00wiss/page/52
| isbn = 0-8028-1918-4
| url-access = registration
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== Palimpsest ==
[[File:Zacynthius Lc 3,7-8 (Mt26,39-51).jpg|thumb|The underwriting is 7th-century majuscule of Luke 3:7-8 with commentary; the upper writing is 13th-century minuscule of Matthew 26:39-51, part lection for Holy Thursday]]
The codex is a [[palimpsest]], meaning that the original text was scraped off and overwritten and the parchment leaves folded in half. The upper text was written by a minuscule hand and contains [[lectionary]] 299 ('''ℓ''' ''299'') from the 12th or 13th century,<ref name = Metzger>[[Bruce M. Metzger]], [[Bart D. Ehrman]], ''The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration'', Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 83.</ref> though the lectionary text is not complete; it is written on 176 leaves ({{×|28.7|18.2|cm}}), in one column per page, 33-36 lines per page.<ref name = INTF/> Three folios are only the lower halves of leaves, one folio was supplied with paper (folio LXVIII).<ref>{{Cite book | last = Tregelles | first = S. P. | title = Codex Zacynthius. Greek Palimpsest Fragments of the Gospel of Saint Luke | ___location = London | year = 1861 | page = XII}}</ref> The manuscript contains weekday Gospel lessons (''Evangelistarium''),<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://intf.uni-muenster.de/vmr/NTVMR/ListeHandschriften.php?ObjID=40299 | title = Liste Handschriften |publisher=Institute for New Testament Textual Research |
| last = Gregory
| first = Caspar René
|
| title = Textkritik des Neuen Testaments
| publisher = J.C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung
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| page = 413
| url = https://archive.org/stream/textkritikdesne00greggoog#page/n425/mode/2up
}}</ref> Tregelles did not collate its text because of its secondary value.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Tregelles | first = S. P. | title = Codex Zacynthius. Greek Palimpsest Fragments of the Gospel of Saint Luke | ___location = London | year = 1861 | page = XXIII}}</ref> Scrivener designated it by siglum 200,<ref>{{Cite book
| last = Scrivener
| first = Frederick Henry Ambrose
|
| author2 = Edward Miller
| title = [[A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament]]
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| volume = 1
| page = 341
}}</ref>
Gregory by 299.<ref name = Gregory/>
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Lectionary 299 in Mark 6:33 has textual reading ἐκεῖ καὶ προῆλθον αὐτούς along with [[Codex Sinaiticus]], [[Codex Vaticanus]], [[Uncial 0187|0187]] (omit εκει), [[Minuscule 892|892]], [[Lectionary 49|'''ℓ''' ''49'']], [[Lectionary 69|'''ℓ''' ''69'']], [[Lectionary 70|'''ℓ''' ''70'']], [[Lectionary 303|'''ℓ''' ''303'']], '''ℓ''' ''333'', '''ℓ''' ''1579'', ('''ℓ''' ''950'' αυτους), it<sup>aur</sup>, vg, ([[Coptic versions of the Bible|cop<sup>sa, bo</sup>]]).<ref>''The Greek New Testament'', ed. K. Aland, A. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and [[Allen Wikgren|A. Wikgren]], in cooperation with INTF, ''United Bible Societies'', 3rd edition, (Stuttgart 1983), p. 144.</ref>
The text of the lectionary is cited in some critical editions of the Greek New Testament (UBS3)<ref>''The Greek New Testament'', ed. K. Aland, A. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, in cooperation with INTF, ''United Bible Societies'', 3rd edition, (Stuttgart 1983), p. XXVIII.</ref> in the following places: Matthew 10:4; 11:17; 12:47; 13:13; 14:22; 18:10; 22:30; 26:27; 28:9; Mark 1:27; 2:10.26; 4:16.20; 6:2.2.3.33.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Aland|first=K.|last2=Black|first2=M.|last3=[[Carlo Maria Martini|C. M. Martini]], B. Metzger, [[Allen Wikgren|A. Wikgren]] |title = The Greek New Testament |publisher =United Bible Societies |___location=Stuttgart |edition=3 |year=1983
== History ==
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[[David C. Parker]] in 2004 argued that manuscript was written later than the 6th century, because it has a small number of square letters, and the handwriting is not typical for the 6th century. Some letters were compressed (Μ, Δ, Ε), the bar over the letter Τ is short and the letter Υ is written in several ways. According to Parker the manuscript should be dated to the 7th century.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Parker | first = David C. | title = Manuscripts, texts, theology: collected papers 1977-2007 | url = http://paperc.de/2617-manuscripts-texts-theology-9783110211948#!/pages/115 | publisher = Walter de Gruyter | ___location = Berlin | year = 2009 | page = 115 | isbn = 978-3-11-021193-1 | access-date = 2011-10-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101219025836/http://paperc.de/2617-manuscripts-texts-theology-9783110211948#!/pages/115 | archive-date = 2010-12-19 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
Currently it is dated by the [[INTF]] to the 6th century.<ref name = INTF>{{Cite web | url = http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste/?ObjID=20040 | title = Codex Ξ/040 (GA)| work = Liste Handschriften | author = INTF|
=== Discovery and further research ===
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| last = Scrivener
| first = Frederick Henry Ambrose
|
| title = [[A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament]]
| edition = 1st
| year = 1861
| ___location = London
| page = 126
}}</ref>
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| last = Scrivener
| first = Frederick Henry Ambrose
|
| author2=Edward Miller
| title = [[A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament]]
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| volume = 1
| page = 162
}}</ref>
It is often cited in the critical editions of the [[Novum Testamentum Graece|Greek New Testament]] (UBS3,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aland|first=K.|last2=Black|first2=M.|last3=[[Carlo Maria Martini|C. M. Martini]], B. Metzger, A. Wikgren|title = The Greek New Testament|edition=3|publisher=United Bible Societies|___location=Stuttgart|year=1983|page=XVI}} [UBS3]</ref> UBS4,<ref>{{Cite book | last = Aland| first=B.|last2=Aland|first2=K.|last3=J. Karavidopoulos, [[Carlo Maria Martini|C. M. Martini]], B. Metzger, A. Wikgren|title = The Greek New Testament|edition=4|publisher=United Bible Societies |___location=Stuttgart|year=1993|page=11*|isbn=978-3-438-05110-3}}</ref> NA26,<ref>{{Cite book | last = K. Aland | first = E. Nestle | title =Novum Testamentum Graece (ed. 26) | publisher = Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft | ___location=Stuttgart | year=1991| page=49*|isbn=3-438-05100-1}}</ref> NA27<ref>{{Cite book | last =Nestle| first=Eberhard et Erwin|others= communiter ediderunt: B. et K. Aland, J. Karavidopoulos, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger | title=Novum Testamentum Graece|edition=27|publisher= Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft |___location=Stuttgart|year=2001|page=58|isbn=978-3-438-05100-4}}</ref>).
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== External links ==
* Robert Waltz, [http://www.skypoint.com/members/waltzmn/ManuscriptsUncials.html#uXi Codex Zacynthius Ξ (040)] at the ''Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism'' (2007)
* {{Cite web | url = http://intf.uni-muenster.de/vmr/NTVMR/ListeHandschriften.php?ObjID=20040 | title = Codex Zacynthius|publisher=Institute for New Testament Textual Research|
* {{Cite web | url = http://intf.uni-muenster.de/vmr/NTVMR/ListeHandschriften.php?ObjID=40299 | title = Lectionary 299 | publisher=Institute for New Testament Textual Research|
* {{Cite web | url = https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/codexzacynthius/1 | title = Codex Zacynthius | publisher=University of Cambridge Digital Library|
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zacynthius}}
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