Content deleted Content added
Elysia (AR) (talk | contribs) m link journal; doi-access=free |
|||
Line 37:
|}
The amount of lithium generated in the Big Bang can be calculated.<ref>{{cite journal | bibcode= 1985ARA&A..23..319B | title= Big bang nucleosynthesis – Theories and observations | last1= Boesgaard | first1=A. M. | last2= Steigman | first2= G. | volume= 23 |date= 1985 | pages= 319–378 | journal= [[Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics]] |id=A86-14507 04–90 |___location=Palo Alto, CA | doi= 10.1146/annurev.aa.23.090185.001535}}</ref> [[Hydrogen-1]] is the most abundant [[nuclide]], comprising roughly 92% of the atoms in the Universe, with [[helium-4]] second at 8%. Other isotopes including <sup>2</sup>H, <sup>3</sup>H, <sup>3</sup>He, <sup>6</sup>Li, <sup>7</sup>Li, and <sup>7</sup>Be are much rarer; the estimated abundance of primordial lithium is 10<sup>−10</sup> relative to hydrogen.<ref name=23bbn>{{cite book |last1=Tanabashi |first1=M. |display-authors=et al. |editor-last1=Fields |editor-first1=B. D. |editor-last2=Molaro |editor-first2=P. |editor-last3=Sarkar |editor-first3=S. |title=The Review |date=2018 |chapter=Big-bang nucleosynthesis |journal=Physical Review D |volume=98 |pages=377–382 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.98.030001 |url=https://pdg.lbl.gov/2019/reviews/rpp2018-rev-bbang-nucleosynthesis.pdf
}}</ref> The calculated abundance and ratio of <sup>1</sup>H and <sup>4</sup>He is in agreement with data from observations of young stars.<ref name="habitable">{{cite book |isbn=978-0691140063|title=How to Build a Habitable Planet: The Story of Earth from the Big Bang to Humankind|last1=Langmuir|first1=C. H.|last2=Broecker|first2=W. S.|year=2012}}</ref>
Line 65:
==Observed abundance of lithium==
Despite the low theoretical abundance of lithium, the actual observable amount is less than the calculated amount by a factor of 3-4.<ref name=fields11>{{cite journal |last=Fields |first=B. D. |date=2011 |title=The primordial lithium problem |journal=[[Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science]] |volume=61 |pages=47–68 |doi=10.1146/annurev-nucl-102010-130445| doi-access=free |arxiv=1203.3551 |bibcode=2011ARNPS..61...47F}}</ref> This contrasts with the observed abundance of isotopes of [[hydrogen]] (<sup>1</sup>H and [[deuterium|<sup>2</sup>H]]) and [[helium]] ([[helium-3|<sup>3</sup>He]] and [[helium-4|<sup>4</sup>He]]) that are consistent with predictions.<ref name=HouStats/>
[[Image:SolarSystemAbundances.svg|thumb|center|800px|Abundances of the chemical elements in the Solar System. Hydrogen and helium are most common, residuals within the paradigm of the Big Bang.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stiavelli |first1=M. |year=2009 |title=From First Light to Reionization the End of the Dark Ages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iCLNBElRTS4C&pg=PA8 |page=8 |publisher=[[Wiley-VCH]] |___location=Weinheim, Germany |isbn=9783527627370|bibcode=2009fflr.book.....S }}</ref> Li, Be and B are rare because they are poorly synthesized in the Big Bang and also in stars; the main source of these elements is [[cosmic ray spallation]].]]
| |||