Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 02:51, 26 September 2020

Revision as of 18:19, 22 December 2020

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[[File:Exploded View of MODIS Subsystems.gif|thumbnail|Exploded view of the MODIS subsystems.]]

[[Image:The Water Planet.jpg|thumb|This detailed, photo-like view of Earth is based largely on observations from MODIS.]]

The '''Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer''' ('''MODIS''') is a [[Payload (air and space craft)|payload]] [[imaging sensor]] built by Santa Barbara Remote Sensing<ref>{{cite web|url=http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/about/components.php|title=MODIS Components|accessdateaccess-date= 11 August 2015}}</ref> that was launched into [[Earth orbit]] by [[NASA]] in 1999 on board the [[Terra (satellite)|Terra]] ([[Earth Observing System|EOS]] AM) satellite, and in 2002 on board the [[Aqua (satellite)|Aqua]] (EOS PM) satellite. The instruments capture data in 36 spectral bands ranging in wavelength from 0.4 [[μm]] to 14.4&nbsp;μm and at varying spatial resolutions (2 bands at 250 m, 5 bands at 500 m and 29 bands at 1&nbsp;km). Together the instruments image the entire Earth every 1 to 2 days. They are designed to provide measurements in large-scale global dynamics including changes in Earth's [[cloud cover]], [[radiation budget]] and processes occurring in the oceans, on land, and in the [[Atmosphere of Earth#Structure of the atmosphere|lower atmosphere]]. MODIS utilizes four on-board calibrators in addition to the space view in order to provide in-flight calibration: solar diffuser (SD), solar diffuser stability monitor (SDSM), spectral radiometric calibration assembly (SRCA), and a v-groove [[black body]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/about/design.php|title=MODIS Design|accessdateaccess-date= 11 August 2015}}</ref> MODIS has used the [[Marine Optical Buoy#Contribution|marine optical buoy]] for vicarious calibration. MODIS is succeeded by the [[VIIRS]] instrument on board the [[Suomi NPP]] satellite launched in 2011 and future [[Joint Polar Satellite System]] (JPSS) satellites.

The MODIS characterization support team (MCST) is dedicated to the production of high-quality MODIS calibrated product which is a precursor to every geophysical science product. A detailed description of the MCST mission statement and other details can be found at MCST Web.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mcst.gsfc.nasa.gov/|title=MODIS Characterization Support Team|accessdateaccess-date= 18 July 2015}}</ref>

== Applications ==

{{expand section|date=September 2014}}

With its low spatial resolution but high temporal resolution, MODIS data are useful to track changes in the landscape over time. Examples of such applications are the monitoring of vegetation health by means of time-series analyses with vegetation indices,<ref>LU, L., KUENZER, C., WANG, C., GUO, H., Li, Q., 2015: Evaluation of three MODIS-derived Vegetation Index Time Series for Dry land Vegetation Dynamics Monitoring. Remote Sensing, 2015, 7, 7597–7614; doi:10.3390/rs70607597</ref> long term land cover changes (e.g. to monitor deforestation rates),<ref>LEINENKUGEL; P., WOLTERS, M., OPPELT, N., KUENZER, C., 2014: Tree cover and forest cover dynamics in the Mekong Basin from 2001 to 2011. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 158, 376–392</ref><ref>KLEIN, I., GESSNER, U. and C. KUENZER, 2012: Regional land cover mapping in Central Asia using MODIS time series. Applied Geography 35, 1–16</ref><ref>LU, L., KUENZER, C., GUO, H., Li, Q., LONG, T., LI, X., 2014: A Novel Land Cover Classification Map Based on MODIS Time-series in Nanjing, China. Remote Sensing, 6, 3387–3408; doi:10.3390/rs6043387</ref><ref>GESSNER, U.; MACHWITZ, M.; ESCH, T.; TILLACK, A.; NAEIMI, V.; KUENZER, C.; DECH, S. (2015): Multi-sensor mapping of West African land cover using MODIS, ASAR and TanDEM-X/TerraSAR-X data. Remote Sensing of Environment. 282–297</ref> global snow cover trends,<ref>DIETZ, A., KUENZER, C., and C. CONRAD, 2013: Snow cover variability in Central Asia between 2000 and 2011 derived from improved MODIS daily snow cover products. International Journal of Remote Sensing 34 (11), 3879–3902</ref><ref>DIETZ, A., WOHNER, C., and C. KUENZER, 2012: European snow cover characteristics between 2000 and 2011 derived from improved MODIS daily snow cover products. Remote Sensing, 4, 2432–2454, doi:10.3390/rs4082432</ref> water inundation from pluvial, riverine, or [[sea level rise]] flooding in coastal areas,<ref>KUENZER, C, KLEIN, I., ULLMANN; T., FOUFOULA-GEORGIOU, E., BAUMHAUER, R., DECH, S., 2015: Remote Sensing of River Delta Inundation: exploiting the Potential of coarse spatial Resolution, temporally-dense MODIS Time Series. Remote Sensing, 7, 8516–8542</ref> change of water levels of major lakes such as the [[Aral Sea]],<ref>KLEIN, I., DIETZ, A., GESSNER, U., DECH, S., KUENZER, C., 2015: Results of the Global WaterPack: a novel product to assess inland water body dynamics on a daily basis. Remote Sensing Letters, Vol. 6, No. 1, 78–87</ref><ref>[http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/WorldOfChange/aral_sea.php?src=features-hp&eocn=home&eoci=feature "Shrinking Aral Sea."]''NASA Earth Observatory.'' Retrieved: 30 September 2014.</ref> and the detection and mapping of [[wildland fires]] in the United States.<ref name="LAT 019-11-05">{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-11-05/kincade-fire-burn-scar-satellite-image|title=Satellite image shows Kincade fire burn scar|last=Wigglesworth|first=Alex|date=2019-11-06|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US|url-status=live|access-date=2019-11-07}}</ref> The [[United States Forest Service]]'s Remote Sensing Applications Center analyzes MODIS imagery on a continuous basis to provide information for the management and suppression of wildfires.<ref name="USFSMODIS">[http://activefiremaps.fs.fed.us/faq.php "MODIS Active Fire Mapping Program FAQs."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702044225/http://activefiremaps.fs.fed.us/faq.php |date=2 July 2013 }} ''United States Forest Service.'' Retrieved: 30 September 2014.</ref>

== Specifications ==

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=== MODIS Level 3 datasets ===

The following MODIS Level 3 (L3) datasets are available from NASA, as processed by the Collection 5 software.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/lpdaac/products/modis_products_table|title=MODIS Products Table|accessdateaccess-date=2011-06-12|url-status=dead|archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811054542/https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/lpdaac/products/modis_products_table|archivedatearchive-date=11 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

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=== Availability ===

Raw MODIS data stream can be received in real-time using a tracking antenna, due to the instrument's direct broadcast capability.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/directbrod/|title=Direct Broadcast at MODIS Website|accessdateaccess-date=2009-06-02}}</ref>

Alternatively, the scientific data are made available to the public via several [[World Wide Web]] sites and [[FTP]] archives, such as:

* [http://reverb.echo.nasa.gov/reverb/ ECHO Reverb] – the next generation metadata and service discovery tool,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.echo.nasa.gov/reverb/about_reverb.htm|title=About Reverb|accessdateaccess-date=2011-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120033331/http://www.echo.nasa.gov/reverb/about_reverb.htm|archive-date=20 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> which has replaced the former Warehouse Inventory and Search Tool (WIST);

* [http://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov/ LAADS Web] – Level 1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS) web interface;

* [https://earthdata.nasa.gov/data/near-real-time-data LANCE-MODIS] – Land Atmosphere Near real-time Capability for EOS<ref>{{Cite web |title=LANCE-MODIS |url=http://lance-modis.eosdis.nasa.gov/ |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |accessdateaccess-date=2014-09-15}}</ref>

* <code>ftp://ladsftp.nascom.nasa.gov/</code> – LAADS underlying [[FTP server]];

* <code>http://e4ftl01.cr.usgs.gov/</code> – Earth land surface datasets;

* <code>ftp://n4ftl01u.ecs.nasa.gov/</code> – snow and ice datasets.

Most of the data are available in the HDF-EOS format — a variant of [[Hierarchical Data Format]] prescribed for the data derived from [[Earth Observing System]] missions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdfeos.org/|title=HDF-EOS Tools and Information Center|accessdateaccess-date=2009-06-02}}</ref>

[[Image:MODIS Map.jpg|thumb|700px|center|<center>Image based on observations from MODIS</center>]]