Normalization model: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 14:59, 22 June 2020

Revision as of 21:14, 24 December 2020

Line 1:

The '''normalization model'''<ref name="pmid22108672 ">{{Cite journal | last1 = Carandini | first1 = M. | last2 = Heeger | first2 = D. J. | doi = 10.1038/nrn3136 | title = Normalization as a canonical neural computation | journal = Nature Reviews Neuroscience | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 51–62 | year = 2011 | pmid = 22108672 | pmc =3273486 }}</ref> is an influential model of responses of [[neurons]] in [[primary visual cortex]]. [[David Heeger]] developed the model in the early 1990s,<ref name="pmid1504027 ">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1017/S0952523800009640 | last1 = Heeger | first1 = D. J. | title = Normalization of cell responses in cat striate cortex | journal = Visual neuroscience | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 181–197 | year = 1992 | pmid = 1504027}}</ref> and later refined it together with [[Matteo Carandini]] and [[J. Anthony Movshon]].<ref name="pmid9334433 ">{{Cite journal | last1 = Carandini | first1 = M | last2 = Heeger | first2 = DJ | last3 = Movshon | first3 = JA | title = Linearity and normalization in simple cells of the macaque primary visual cortex | journal = Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 17 | issue = 21 | pages = 8621–44 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9334433 | doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-21-08621.1997| doi-access = free }}</ref> The model involves a divisive stage. In the numerator is the output of the classical [[receptive field]]. In the denominator, a constant plus a measure of local stimulus [[Contrast (vision)|contrast]]. Although the normalization model was initially developed to explain responses in the primary visual cortex, normalization is now thought to operate throughout the visual system, and in many other sensory modalities and brain regions, including the representation of odors in the olfactory bulb ,<ref name="pmid=20435004 "> {{cite journal | title=Divisive normalization in olfactory population codes | author=Olsen SR, Bhandawat V, Wilson R| journal=Neuron | year=2011 | volume=66(2) | pages = 287–299 | doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2010.04.009 | pmid=20435004 | pmc=2866644}}</ref>, the modulatory effects of visual attention, the encoding of value, and the integration of multisensory information. It has also been observed at subthreshold potentials in the hippocampus .<ref name="pmid31021319 "> {{cite journal | title=Precise excitation-inhibition balance controls gain and timing in the hippocampus | author=Bhatia A, Moza S, Bhalla US| journal=eLife | year=2019 | volume=8 | doi=10.7554/eLife.43415 | pmid=31021319 | pmc=6517031}}</ref>. Its presence in such a diversity of neural systems in multiple species, from invertebrates to mammals, suggests that normalization serves as a canonical neural computation.

==References==