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'''Multitier programming''' is a [[programming paradigm]] for [[distributed computing|distributed software]], which typically follows a [[multitier architecture]], physically separating different functional aspects of the software into different ''tiers'' (e.g., the client, the server and the database in a Web application). Multitier programming allows fuctionalities that span multiple of such tiers to be developed in a single compilation unit using a single [[programming language]]. Without multitier programming, tiers are developed using different languages, e.g., [[JavaScript]] for the Web client, [[PHP]] for the Web server and [[SQL]] for the database.
and
== Example ==
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*StiP.js<ref>{{Cite book|last=Philips|first=Laure|date=2014|title=Towards Tierless Web Development without Tierless Languages.|url=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/oopsla/PhilipsRCM14.html|pages=69–81|doi=10.1145/2661136.2661146|isbn=9781450332101|s2cid=15774367}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Philips|first=Laure|date=2018|title=Search-based Tier Assignment for Optimising Offline Availability in Multi-tier Web Applications.|url=https://dblp.org/rec/journals/programming/PhilipsKMR18.html|journal=Programming Journal|volume=2|issue=2|pages=3|doi=10.22152/programming-journal.org/2018/2/3|s2cid=11256561}}</ref>
*Scala Multi-Tier FRP<ref>{{Cite book|last=Reynders|first=Bob|date=2014|title=Multi-Tier Functional Reactive Programming for the Web.|url=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/oopsla/ReyndersDP14.html|pages=55–68|doi=10.1145/2661136.2661140|isbn=9781450332101|s2cid=16761616}}</ref>
*Opa<ref name=":3">Rajchenbach-Teller, D., & Sinot, Franois-R&#39;egis. (2010). Opa: Language support for a sane, safe and secure web. ''Proceedings of the OWASP AppSec Research'', ''2010''(1).</ref>
*AmbientTalk/R<ref>{{Cite book|last=Carreton|first=Andoni Lombide|date=2010|title=Loosely-Coupled Distributed Reactive Programming in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=6141|url=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/tools/CarretonMCM10.html|pages=41–60|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-13953-6_3|isbn=978-3-642-13952-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dedecker|first=Jessie|date=2006|title=Ambient-Oriented Programming in AmbientTalk.|chapter=Ambient-Oriented Programming in Ambient ''Talk''|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=4067|chapter-url=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/ecoop/DedeckerCMDM06.html|pages=230–254|doi=10.1007/11785477_16|isbn=978-3-540-35726-1}}</ref>
*ML5<ref>{{Cite book|last=VII|first=Tom Murphy|date=2007|title=Type-Safe Distributed Programming with ML5.|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=4912|url=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/tgc/VIICH07.html|pages=108–123|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-78663-4_9|isbn=978-3-540-78662-7}}</ref>
*WebSharper<ref name=":
*Haste<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ekblad|first1=Anton|last2=Claessen|first2=Koen|date=2015-05-11|title=A seamless, client-centric programming model for type safe web applications|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2775050.2633367|journal=ACM SIGPLAN Notices|volume=49|issue=12|pages=79–89|doi=10.1145/2775050.2633367|issn=0362-1340}}</ref>
*Fun<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fun (a programming language for the realtime web)|url=http://marcuswest.in/essays/fun-intro/|website=marcuswest.in|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref>
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*Swift<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=ChongStephen|last2=LiuJed|last3=C|first3=MyersAndrew|last4=QiXin|last5=VikramK|last6=ZhengLantian|last7=ZhengXin|date=2007-10-14|title=Secure web applications via automatic partitioning|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/1323293.1294265|journal=ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review|volume=41|issue=6|pages=31–44|language=EN|doi=10.1145/1323293.1294265}}</ref>
*Volta<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Manolescu|first=Dragos|date=2008|title=Volta: Developing Distributed Applications by Recompiling.|url=https://dblp.org/rec/journals/software/ManolescuBL08.html|journal=IEEE Software|volume=25|issue=5|pages=53–59|doi=10.1109/MS.2008.131|s2cid=24360031}}</ref>
*GWT<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Kereki, Federico, 1960-|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/606556208|title=Essential GWT
*Meteor<ref name=":
*J-Orchestra<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tilevich|first=Eli|date=2002|title=J-Orchestra: Automatic Java Application Partitioning.|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=2374|url=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/ecoop/TilevichS02.html|pages=178–204|doi=10.1007/3-540-47993-7_8|isbn=978-3-540-43759-8}}</ref>
*Hiphop<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Berry|first1=Gérard|last2=Nicolas|first2=Cyprien|last3=Serrano|first3=Manuel|date=2011|title=Hiphop|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2093328.2093337|journal=Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGPLAN International Workshop on Programming Language and Systems Technologies for Internet Clients - PLASTIC '11|page=49|___location=New York, New York, USA|publisher=ACM Press|doi=10.1145/2093328.2093337|isbn=978-1-4503-1171-7|s2cid=1280230}}</ref>
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