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With respect to the English language in the United States, the [[phonics]] principle of teaching reading was first presented by [[John Hart (spelling reformer)|John Hart]] in 1570, who suggested the teaching of reading should focus on the relationship between what is now referred to as [[grapheme]]s (letters) and [[phoneme]]s (sounds).<ref> {{Cite journal|last=Hart|first=John|date=1570|title=A method or comfortable beginning for all unlearned, whereby they may be taught to read English in a very short time, with pleasure: so profitable as strange, put in light, by I.H. Chester Heralt|url=https://lib.ugent.be/en/catalog/rug01:001517217}}</ref>
In the [[Colonial history of the United States|colonial times]] of the USA, reading material was not written specifically for children, so instruction material consisted primarily of the Bible and some patriotic essays. The most influential early textbook was [[The New England Primer]], published in 1687. There was little consideration given to the best ways to teach reading or assess reading comprehension.<ref name="Adams, 1990">{{cite book |author=Adams, Marilyn Jager |title=Beginning to read: thinking and learning about print |publisher=MIT Press |___location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |year=1990 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/beginningtoreadt00adam/page/21 21–25] |isbn=0-262-01112-3 |oclc=256731826 |url=https://archive.org/details/beginningtoreadt00adam/page/21 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.k12academics.com/reading-education-united-states/history-reading-education-us|title=History of Reading Education in the U.S. {{!}} K12 Academics|last=Glavin|first=Chris|date=2014-02-06|website=www.k12academics.com|language=en|access-date=2018-06-15}}</ref>
Phonics was a popular way to learn reading in the 1800s. [[William Holmes McGuffey]] (1800–1873), an American educator, author, and Presbyterian minister who had a lifelong interest in teaching children, compiled the first four of the [[McGuffey Readers]] in 1836. Lesson one of ''McGuffey's Eclectic Primer''<ref>{{Cite book|title=McGuffey's Eclectic Primer|author=William McGuffey|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|date=1999-05-04|isbn=0471294284}}</ref> has instructions on the short vowel "a" (/æ/) including "A cat and a rat".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apmreports.org/episode/2019/08/22/whats-wrong-how-schools-teach-reading|title=At a Loss for Words, APM Reports|author=Emily Hanford|date=2019-08-22}}</ref> McGuffey's books are still published today.
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