「利用者:Ctenidium28/sandbox」の版間の差分

2024年3月28日 (木) 10:25時点における版

2024年3月29日 (金) 01:02時点における版

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{{Infobox settlement

<!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage-->

<!-- 基本情報Basic info ---------------->| official_name = ザランジュ

| native_name = زرنج

| official_name = ザランジュ

| settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)-->

| native_name = زرنج

| image_skyline <!-- images and maps ----------->| image_skyline = File:Afghanistan-Iran border in Zaranj, Afghanistan, 2011.jpg

| settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)-->

| image_caption = The Abresham, also known as Silk Bridge, border crossing in 2011シルクブリッジとして知られるエイブレシャム<ref name="Abresham Crossing Between Afghanistan & Iran Reopens After Nearly Two Weeks" />(2011年)

<!-- 画像と地図 ----------->

| image_flag =

| image_skyline = File:Afghanistan-Iran border in Zaranj, Afghanistan, 2011.jpg

| image_seal =

| image_caption = The Abresham, also known as Silk Bridge, border crossing in 2011<ref name="Abresham Crossing Between Afghanistan & Iran Reopens After Nearly Two Weeks" />

| image_shield =

| image_flag =

| image_map =

| image_seal =

| map_caption =

| image_shield =

| pushpin_map = アフガニスタンAfghanistan <!-- the name of a ___location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map -->

| image_map =

| pushpin_relief = yes

| map_caption =

| pushpin_map = アフガニスタン <!-- the name of a ___location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map -->

| pushpin_relief = yes

| pushpin_label_position = bottom

| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Afghanistan位置

| coordinates = {{coord|30|57|36|N|61|51|36|E|region:AF|display=inline,title}}

<!-- 位置Location ------------------>| subdivision_type = 国

| subdivision_name = {{flag|Afghanistan}}

| subdivision_type = 国

| subdivision_type1 = 州

| subdivision_name = {{flag|Afghanistan}}

| subdivision_name1 = [[Nimruz Provinceニームルーズ州]]

| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Afghanistan|Province]]

| subdivision_type2 = District

| subdivision_name1 = [[Nimruz Province]]

| subdivision_name2 = [[Zaranj District]]

| subdivision_type2 = District

| established_title = <!-- Settled -->

| subdivision_name2 = [[Zaranj District]]

| established_date = =

| established_title = <!-- Settled -->

| leader_title = Mayor

| established_date =

| leader_name =

| leader_title = Mayor

| area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->

| leader_name = Maulvi Nooruddin Hamza<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bakhtarnews.af/dr/کار-ترمیم-سرک-های-شهر-زرنج-مرکز-نیمروزآ/|title=کار ترمیم سرک های شهر زرنج مرکز نیمروزآغاز شد|date=21 November 2021|website=آژانس خبری باختر}}</ref>

| area_total_km2 area_land_km2 = <!--See ALL fields dealingtable with@ aTemplate:Infobox measurementsSettlement arefor subjectdetails toon automatic unit conversion-->

| area_water_km2 =

| area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion-->

| elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use<ref> </ref> tags-->

| area_water_km2 =

| elevation_m = 476

| elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use<ref> </ref> tags-->

<!-- 人口Population ----------------------->| population_footnotes =

| elevation_m = 476

| population_total = 49,851

<!-- 人口 ----------------------->

| population_as_of = 20242015

| population_footnotes =

| population_total = 49,851

| population_as_of = 2024

| population_density_km2 =

| population_urban = 160,902<ref>{{cite web|title=The State of Afghan Cities report 2015 |url=http://unhabitat.org/books/soac2015/ |ref=UN-Habitat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031111515/http://unhabitat.org/books/soac2015/ |archive-date=2015-10-31 }}</ref>

<!-- General information --------------->| timezone = [[UTC+4:30]]

| utc_offset =

| timezone = [[UTC+4:30]]

| timezone_DST =

| utc_offset_DST = <!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->

| postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... -->

| postal_code =

| area_code =

| website =

}}

'''ザランジュ''' ([[ペルシア語]]/[[パシュトー語]]/{{lang-bal|زرنج}}、[[ラテン文字化|ラテン文字転写]]: Zaranj)は[[アフガニスタン]]南西部に位置する同国の[[アフガニスタンの都市の一覧|都市]]である。[[ニームルーズ州]]の州都で、人口は{{As of|2024}}49,851人<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population of Zaranj in 2024 - statistics |url=https://all-populations.com/en/af/population-of-zaranj.html |website=all-populations.com |access-date=2024-03-28 |publisher= |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GeoNames.org |url=https://www.geonames.org/1120985/zaranj.html |website=www.geonames.org |access-date=2024-03-28 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>。アフガニスタン国内を一周する環状の高速道路で[[ラシュカルガー]]、[[カンダハール]]、ファーラー、[[ザーボル]]と結ばれている。

中東と中央アジア、南アジアを繋げる交通の要衝のひとつである<ref>{{cite news|和書 |url=https://www.ariananews.af/china-stresses-on-reviving-silk-road-in-afghanistan/ |title=China stresses on reviving "Silk Road" in Afghanistan |work=Ariana News |date=May 8, 2016-05-08 |access-date=20232024-0103-3129}}</ref>、エイブレシャム出入国管理局がイランとの国境線沿いに置かれている<ref>{{cite news|和書 |url=https://pajhwok.com/2023/01/31/trade-activities-at-abresham-crossing-drastically-down/ |title=Trade activities at Abresham crossing drastically down |work=Pajhwok Afghan News |date=January 2023-01-31, 2023 |access-date=20232024-0103-3129}}</ref><ref name="Abresham Crossing Between Afghanistan & Iran Reopens After Nearly Two Weeks">{{cite news|和書 |url=https://www.khaama.com/abresham-crossing-between-afghanistan-amp-iran-reopens-after-nearly-two-weeks-57459/ |title=Abresham Crossing Between Afghanistan & Iran Reopens After Nearly Two Weeks |work=Khaama Press |date=July 2022-07-19, 2022 |access-date=20232024-0103-3129}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|和書 |url=https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-178802 |title=Closure of Abrisham Crossing With Iran Creates Obstacles for Afghans |work=TOLOnews |date=July 5, 2022-07-05 |access-date=20232024-0103-3129}}</ref>。約21km東にはザランジュ空港が位置している。

ザランジュの歴史は約1200年前に[[サッファール朝]]を樹立した[[ヤアクーブ・イブン・アル＝ライス・アル＝サッファール|ヤアクーブ・アル＝サッファール]]にまで遡る。

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== 歴史 ==

{{Further|アフガニスタンの歴史}}

[[古代ペルシア語|古ペルシア語]]で「水の島」という意味があるズランカと呼ばれる都市が名前の由来である<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=DRANGIANA or Zarangiana; territory around Lake Hāmūn and the Helmand or Hindmand river in modern Sīstān |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/drangiana |last=Schmitt |first=Rüdiger |date=15 December 1995-11-15 |quote=The name of the country and its inhabitants is first attested as Old Persian ''z-r-k'' (i.e., Zranka)in the great Bīsotūn (q.v. iii) inscription of Darius I (q.v.; col. I l. 16), apparently the original name. This form is reflected in the Elamite (Sir-ra-an-qa and variants), Babylonian (Za-ra-an-ga), and Egyptian (''srng'' or ''srnḳ'') versions of the Achaemenid royal inscriptions, as well as in Greek Zarángai, Zarangaîoi, Zarangianḗ (Arrian; Isidore of Charax), and Sarángai (Herodotus) and in Latin Zarangae (Pliny). Instead of this original form, characterized by non-Persian z (perhaps from proto-IE. palatal ''*γ'' or ''*γh''), in some [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] sources (chiefly those dependent upon the historians of [[Alexander the Great]], q.v.) the perhaps hypercorrect Persianized variant (cf. Belardi, p. 183) with initial d-, *Dranka (or even *Dranga?), reflected in Greek Drángai, Drangḗ, Drangēnḗ, Drangi(a)nḗ (Ctesias; Polybius; Strabo; Diodorus; Ptolemy; Arrian; Stephanus Byzantius) and Latin Drangae, Drangiana, Drangiani ([[Curtius Rufus]]; [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]]; [[Ammianus Marcellinus]]; Justin) or Drancaeus ([[Gaius Valerius Flaccus|Valerius Flaccus]], ''Argonautica'' 6.106, 6.507) occurs.}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=w9pmo51lRnYC&dq=hindmand+river&pg=PA3]</ref>。ギリシア語ではドランギアナと呼ばれ、[[アケメネス朝]]の都市の由来ともなった。ジラやザランジア、ズラーニなどの発音が確認されている<ref>Ten Thousand Miles in Persia: Or, Eight Years in Irán By [[:en:Percy_Sykes|Percy Sykes]], pg. 363</ref><ref>{{Cite book|和書 |title=The Afghans |last1=Vogelsang |first1=Willem |year=2002 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=0-631-19841-5 |page=162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kfJ6MlMsJQC&pg=PA162 |access-date=20112024-0103-2129}}</ref>。

アケメネス朝においてズランカと呼ばれる都市はドランギアナの首都であり<ref>Gnoli (1993).</ref>、おおよそ現在の{{仮リンク|シスタン|en|Sistan}}に位置していた<ref>“….As for ibn-Samurah, he established his rule over everything between Zaranj and Kishsh of the land of al-Hind, and over that part of the region of the road of ar-Rukhkhaj which is between it and the province of ad-Dhawar”, The origins of the Islamic State, Part II (1924) page 143 by Murgotten, Francis Clark</ref>。アラブ人の地理学者によると、後にズランカは放棄され、その地は[[ヘルマンド川]]から水を引き、ラム・シャフリスタンという都市として発展するが、河川の氾濫により一帯の住民が北方へ避難し、定住した場所がシスタンの約4.4km北に位置する現在のザランジュであるという<ref>Guy Le Strange. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_88AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA340 The lands of the eastern caliphate: Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia, from the Moslem conquest to the time of Timur]. Cambridge geographical series. General editor: F. H. H. Guillemard. reprint Publisher CUP Archive, 1930. Originally published 1905.</ref><ref>Schmitt (1995).</ref>。当時のザランジュは[[古代末期]]に作成された道路地図である[[ポイティンガー図]]にて確認できる。

[[File:Mahmud ibn Sebuktegin attacks the fortress of Zarang.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[ヒジュラ暦]]393年ズー・アルヒッジャ月（[[1003年]][[10月]]）にマフムードの軍隊が[[スィースターン]]方面のアルク城塞を攻め落としている場面　<small>（エディンバラ本『[[集史]]』「ガズナ朝史」より）</small>]]

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1738年に[[ナーディル・シャー]]によって支配されるまでは[[パシュトゥーン人]]による[[ホータキー朝]]の都市であったが、18世紀中頃は[[カラハン朝]]の領土となった<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bruns |first1=Bettina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VlULn9od0HoC&pg=PA52 |title=Subverting Borders: Doing Research on Smuggling and Small-Scale Trade |last2=Miggelbrink |first2=Judith |date=2011-10-08 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-531-93273-6 |pages=52 |language=en}}</ref>。1968年まではアフガニスタンにおいてファーラー・チャカンスール州として知られていたが、ニームルーズ州とファーラー州に分離し、ニームルーズ州の州都となった。

=== ターリバーンによる占拠 ===

=== 2000年代初頭 ===

[[File:Building in Zaranj.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Nimruz Governor's official guesthouse serving official guests visiting Nimruz.]]

A new highway called [[Route 606 (Afghanistan)|Route 606]] was built between Zaranj and [[Delaram]] in Farah province by the [[Indian Government]]'s [[Border Roads Organization]] at a cost of about US$136 million to open up a link between the deep sea port at [[Chabahar]] in [[Iran]] to Afghanistan's main ring road highway system which connects [[Kabul]], [[Kandahar]], [[Herat]], [[Mazar-i-Sharif]] and [[Kunduz]]. The {{convert|215|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} highway, a symbol of India's developmental work in the war-ravaged country, was handed over to Afghan authorities by Indian External Affairs Minister [[Pranab Mukherjee]] in January 2009 in the presence of Afghan President [[Hamid Karzai]] and Foreign Minister [[Rangeen Dadfar Spanta]]. "Completion of the road reflects the determination of both India and Afghanistan that nothing can prevent or hinder collaboration between the two countries," Mukherjee said at a function to mark this handover. On the occasion, Karzai said, the completion of the project is a message to those who want to stop cooperation between India and Afghanistan. "Our cooperation will not stop". The Taliban was opposed to this project and launched frequent attacks on the construction workers in an attempt to force the winding up of the work. A total of six Indians, including a Border Roads Organisation driver and four ITBP soldiers, and 129 Afghans were killed in these attacks.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}

The province has been one of the 7 ([[Nimruz Province|Nimruz]], [[Helmand Province|Helmand]], [[Kandahar Province|Kandahar]], [[Uruzgan Province|Uruzgan]], [[Ghazni Province|Ghazni]], [[Paktika Province|Paktika]] and [[Zabul Province|Zabul]]) where the Taliban have been recently regrouping. On 14 August 2012 dozens of civilians were killed in Zaranj by several suicide-bombers in a major terrorist attack on the city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-19257090|title=Afghan blasts: Dozens killed in Nimroz and Kunduz|work=BBC News |date=14 August 2012}}</ref>

Due to Zaranj's close proximity to Iran, the city relies mostly on Iranian products. With the increase of trade the [[Afghan Border Police]] is dealing with a rise in smuggling, particularly illegal drugs and weapons. The overall economic situation is becoming better for the local population of the city. Hundreds of trucks containing merchandise from the Middle East enter the city on a daily basis.

In the last decade, the [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marines]] and others of the [[International Security Assistance Force]] (ISAF) have been visiting Zaranj city. The US Marines and other U.S. officials are involved with the [[politics of Afghanistan|Afghan government]] in major development projects. This includes improvement made to the irrigation network of the city, building of [[military of Afghanistan|Afghan military]] and [[Afghan National Police]] barracks as well as a hospital and a school.

The city is served by [[Zaranj Airport]], which is also being improved by the United States. US Marines assigned to [[3rd Marine Aircraft Wing]] have been visiting Zaranj since US Marine Base [[Forward Operating Base Delaram]] was built in [[Delaram]] district of Zaranj. The [[3rd Marine Aircraft Wing]] built two concrete helicopter landing zones on western side of the gravel runway of [[Zaranj Airport]] to ease the landing of USMC [[Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey|V-22 Osprey]] helicopters from [[3rd Battalion 4th Marines]]. The [[helipad]]s now serve all helicopters landing at Zaranj airport.

=== Taliban capture ===

{{Main|ザランジュ陥落}}

2021年8月6日[[ターリバーン]]によってザランジュが接収され、2021年の[[2021年ターリバーン攻勢|攻撃]]でターリバーンに攻略された最初の州都となった<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taliban capture regional capital - Afghan officials |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-asia-58119886 |access-date=20212024-0803-0629 |website=BBC News |date=6 August 2021}}</ref>。アフガニスタン政府は{{仮リンク|ラシュカルガーの戦い|en|Battle of Lashkargah}}に専念していたため、ターリバーンはザランジュの抵抗はほとんど無かったと述べている<ref name="NYTimes">{{cite web |title=Taliban Capture Afghan Provincial Capital in a Symbolic Victory |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/06/world/asia/taliban-afghanistan-capital-zaranj.html |author1=Nossiter, Adam |author2=Taimoor Shah |author3=Fahim Abed |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 6, 2021 |access-date=August 6, 20212024-03-29}}</ref>。ザランジュを占拠すると程なくして、ターリバーンは刑務所を破壊し多数の囚人を解放した<ref name=NYTimes />。

2022年3月8日ニューヨーク・タイムズは、ターリバーンの厳しい経済状況を脱するために、イランへの密入国を求める数十万人のアフガン人の手助けを行う業者が蔓延っていると報じた。ザランジュのほぼ全ての住人が、一方的に巻き込まれたり、積極的に密入国のビジネスに関わっている、とも報告されている<ref>"A boom for Afghan smugglers", [[New York Times]], 2022年3月8日, [https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/08/briefing/biden-russia-oil-south-korea-election.html] (記事の3つ目の見出し)</ref>。

== 気候 ==

ザランジュは降水量が極端に少なく、寒暖差が激しい[[砂漠気候|熱帯砂漠気候]](BWh)である。夏季の気温は50℃にも達し、降雪は稀であるが、2016年11月27日に確認されている<ref>{{Cite news|和書 |last=رامین |date=2016-11-27 |title=دهاقین، بارش برف در ولایت نیمروز را نوید خوب برای زراعت می دانند |url=https://pajhwok.com/fa/2016/11/27/%d8%af%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%82%db%8c%d9%86%d8%8c-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b4-%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%81-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa-%d9%86%db%8c%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b2-%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d9%86%d9%88%db%8c/ |access-date=2024-03-0729 |language=fa-IR |newspaper=PAJHWOK AFGHAN NEWS}}</ref>。

{{Weather box

| width = auto

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|url = ftp://dossier.ogp.noaa.gov/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/AH/40986.TXT

|title = Zaranj Climate Normals 1969-1983

|publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrationアメリカ海洋大気庁]]

|access-date = December 26, 2012}}</ref>

}}

*

== 著名人 ルート606==

*[[Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar]] founder of the [[Saffarid dynasty]] of [[Sistan]], born in Karnin near Zaranj

*[[Amr ibn al-Layth]] second ruler of the [[Saffarid dynasty]], born in Karnin near Zaranj

*[[Al-Layth|Al-Layth ibn Ali ibn al-Layth]], [[amir]] of the [[Saffarid dynasty|Saffarid amirate]] in Zaranj from 909 until 910

*[[Al-Mu'addal|Al-Mu'addal ibn al-Layth]], [[Saffarid]] ruler of [[Zarang|Zaranj]] for a part of 911

==Route 606: Delaram-Zaranj Highway==

{{Further|アフガニスタンの交通}}

The '''Delaram–Zaranj Highwayデラーラーム・ザランジュ高速道路''', also known as [[Route 、通称ルート606 (Afghanistan)|Route 606]], is a 217-km or 135-mile-long は長さ217kmの、インドによって建設された[[Single carriageway|two-lane road対面通行]] built by [[India]] in [[Afghanistan]], connecting [[Delaram]] in [[Farah Province]] with Zaranj in neighbouring [[Nimruz Province]] near the [[Iran]]ian border.路で、ファーラー州デラーラームとイラン国境付近のザランジュを結んでいる<ref name="hindu-handover">{{cite news|和書 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/23/stories/2009012355311200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203072429/http://hindu.com/2009/01/23/stories/2009012355311200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-02-03 |title=India hands over strategic highway to Afghanistan |date=2009-01-23 |work=[[:en:The Hindu]] |access-date=2011-08-10}}</ref> It connects the Afghan–Iranian border with the [[Kandahar–Herat Highway]] in Delaram, which provides connectivity to other major Afghan cities via [[Highway 1 。カンダハール・ヘラート高速道路にデラーラームで接続されており、アフガニスタン環状道路(AfghanistanA01)|A01]], including to India's planned mining operation in [[Hajigak mining concession]]. Route を経由して他の主要道路との橋渡しを担う。従来デラーラームからザランジュまでは12-14時間程を要していたが、ルート606 reduces travel time between Delaram and Zaranj from the earlier 12–14 hours to just によってわずか2時間まで短縮された。インドとイランは2016年5月にルート606とチャバハール港を鉄道・道路で接続することを可決した<ref hours. [[India]]name="hindu-[[Iran]]handover" signed an agreement in May 2016 to connect it to [[Port of Chabahar]] with rail and road links./>。

== 脚注 ==