Redshift quantization: Difference between revisions

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{{cite journal |last=Tifft |first=W. G. |date=2006 |title=Redshift periodicities, The Galaxy-Quasar Connection |journal=[[Astrophysics and Space Science]] |volume=285 |issue=2 |pages=429–449 |bibcode=2003Ap&SS.285..429T |doi=10.1023/A:1025457030279|s2cid=120143840 }}</ref> '''redshift discretization''',<ref name=Karlsson>{{cite journal |last=Karlsson |first=K. G. |date=1970 |title=Possible Discretization of Quasar Redshifts |journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] |volume=13 |pages=333 |bibcode=1971A&A....13..333K }}</ref> '''preferred redshifts'''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arp |first1=H. |last2=Russel |first2=D. |date=2001 |title=A Possible Relationship between Quasars and Clusters of Galaxies |journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]] |volume=549 |issue=2 |pages=802 |bibcode=2001ApJ...549..802A |doi=10.1086/319438|quote=The clusters and the galaxies in them tend to be strong X-ray and radio emitters, and their redshifts occur at preferred redshift values.}}</ref> and '''redshift-magnitude bands''',<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tifft |first=W. G. |date=1973 |title=Properties of the redshift-magnitude bands in the Coma cluster |journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]] |volume=179 |pages=29 |bibcode=1973ApJ...179...29T |doi=10.1086/151844}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nanni |first1=D. |last2=Pittella |first2=G. |last3=Trevese |first3=D. |last4=Vignato |first4=A. |date=1981 |title=An analysis of the redshift-magnitude band phenomenon in the Coma Cluster |journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=188 |bibcode=1981A&A....95..188N }}</ref> is the [[hypothesis]] that the [[redshift]]s of cosmologically distant objects (in particular [[galaxies]] and [[quasars]]) tend to cluster around multiples of some particular value. In [[inflation (cosmology)|standard inflationary cosmological models]], the redshift of cosmological bodies is ascribed to the expansion of the universe, with greater redshift indicating greater [[cosmic distance ladder|cosmic distance]] from the Earth (see [[Hubble's Law]]). This is referred to as [[cosmological redshift]]. Ruling out errors in measurement or analysis, quantized redshift of cosmological objects would either indicate that they are physically arranged in a quantized pattern around the Earth, or that there is an unknown mechanism for redshift unrelated to cosmic expansion, referred to as "intrinsic redshift" or "non-cosmological redshift".

In 1973, astronomer [[William G. Tifft]] was the first to report evidence of this pattern. Subsequent discourse focused upon whether [[redshift survey]]s of [[quasarsquasar]]s (QSOs) have produced evidence of quantization in excess of what is expected due to [[selection effect]] or [[galaxy cluster|galactic clustering]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Trimble |first1=V. |last2=Aschwanden |first2=M. J. |last3=Hansen |first3=C. J. |date=2007 |title=Astrophysics in 2006 |journal=[[Space Science Reviews]] |volume=132 |issue=1 |pages=1–182 |doi=10.1007/s11214-007-9224-0 |arxiv=0705.1730|bibcode = 2007SSRv..132....1T |s2cid=119570960 }}</ref><ref name="adsabs.harvard.edu">{{cite journal |last1= Bell |first1=M. B. |last2=McDiarmid |first2=D. |date=2006 |title=Six Peaks Visible in the Redshift Distribution of 46,400 SDSS Quasars Agree with the Preferred Redshifts Predicted by the Decreasing Intrinsic Redshift Model|journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]] |volume=648 |issue=1 |pages=140–147 |bibcode=2006ApJ...648..140B |doi=10.1086/503792|arxiv = astro-ph/0603169 |s2cid=17057129 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Godłowski |first1=W. |last2=Bajan |first2=K. |last3=Flin |first3=P.|date=2006 |title=Weak redshift discretisation in the Local Group of galaxies? |journal=[[Astronomische Nachrichten]] |volume=387 |issue=1 |pages=103 |bibcode=2006AN....327..103G |doi=10.1002/asna.200510477|arxiv = astro-ph/0511260 |s2cid=119388085 }}</ref><ref name=Tang>{{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=S. M. |last2=Zhang |first2=S. N. |date=2005 |title=Critical Examinations of QSO Redshift Periodicities and Associations with Galaxies in Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data |journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]]|volume=633 |issue=1 |pages=41–51 |bibcode=2005ApJ...633...41T |doi=10.1086/432754 |arxiv=astro-ph/0506366|s2cid=119052857 }}</ref> The idea has been on the fringes of astronomy since the mid-1990s and is now discounted by the vast majority of astronomers, but a few scientists who espouse [[nonstandard cosmology|nonstandard cosmological models]], including those who reject the [[Big Bang]] theory, have referred to evidence of redshift quantization as reason to reject conventional accounts of the origin and evolution of the [[universe]].<ref>For examples, see references by nonstandard cosmology proponents

*{{cite journal | last1 = Ratcliffe| first1 = Hilton| date=2009| title = A Review of Anomalous Redshift Data| journal = 2nd Crisis in Cosmology Conference, CCC-2 ASP Conference Series | volume = 413| pages = 109| bibcode = 2009ASPC..413..109R}}

*{{cite journal|bibcode=1973ApJ...186....1B|doi = 10.1086/152474 | title=A Quantitative Alternative to the Cosmological Hypothesis for Quasars | journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=1973|volume=186|pages=1–21|first=Moley B.|last=Bell}}