Wikipedia

Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities

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See also: Collaborative development environment and Comparison of version-control software

A source-code-hosting facility (also known as forge) is a file archive and web hosting facility for source code of software, documentation, web pages, and other works, accessible either publicly or privately. They are often used by open-source software projects and other multi-developer projects to maintain revision and version history, or version control. Many repositories provide a bug tracking system, and offer release management, mailing lists, and wiki-based project documentation. Software authors generally retain their copyright when software is posted to a code hosting facilities.

General information

Name Developer Initial release Free server? Free client? Associated collaborative development environment Notes
Assembla Assembla, Inc 2005 No Un­known Un­known
Azure DevOps Services Microsoft 2012[1] No No Azure DevOps Services

Microsoft Visual Studio

Most features are free for open source projects or teams of 5 members or less[2]
Bitbucket Atlassian 2008 No No Atlassian BitBucket Server, JIRA and Confluence Denies service to Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, Syria[3]
Buddy Buddy, LLC. 2015 No No Un­known Cloud version free for 1 project with no limit on size. Self-hosted version free up to 10 users with Fair Source license[4] applied.
CloudForge CollabNet 2012 No Un­known Un­known
Gitea Gitea organization (open source community)[5] 2016-12[6] Yes Yes Un­known Gitea is an open-source software tool funded on Open Collective that is designed for self-hosting, but also provides a free first-party instance.
GForge The GForge Group,Inc.[7] 2006 Partial Yes Cloud version – free up to 5 users. On-premises version - free up to 5 users. GForge is free for open source projects.
GitHub Microsoft/GitHub, Inc 2008-04 No No Un­known Denies service to Crimea, North Korea, Sudan, Syria[8]

List of government takedown requests

GitLab GitLab Inc. 2011-09[9] Partial[10] Yes[11] GitLab FOSS — free software
GitLab Enterprise Edition (EE) — proprietary 		Denies service to Crimea, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, Syria[12]
GNU Savannah Free Software Foundation 2001-01 Yes Yes Savane For use by projects with GPL compatible licenses, subject to staff approval.

Code access review.[13]

Helix TeamHub Perforce Software 1995 No No Cloud version – free up to 5 users. On-premises version requires a license. Free cloud version has no limits on projects within 5gb storage limit.

On-premises version has DevOps pipeline technology and free replicas.

Launchpad Canonical 2004 Yes No Launchpad Supports Bazaar and Git for version-controlled repository hosting.[14][15]
OSDN OSDN K.K. 2002–04 Un­known Yes Un­known For open-source projects only.[16] Ad-supported.
Ourproject.org Comunes Collective 2002 Yes Yes FusionForge For free software, free culture and free content projects.
OW2 OW2 2008 No No GitLab Oriented on middleware technology.
Phabricator Phacility, Inc 2010 Yes Yes Un­known End of life.[17]
SEUL Un­known 1997-05 Un­known No Un­known
SourceForge BizX LLC 1999-11 Yes[18][19] Yes Apache Allura For use by open-source projects.[20] Ad-supported.
Subject to American export restrictions, so denies service to Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, Syria.[21]
Name Manager Established Server side: all free software Client side: all-free JS code Developed or used CDE Notes


June 2022

  Hello. This is a message to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions, such as the edit(s) you made to Publishing, did not appear to be constructive and have been reverted. Please take some time to familiarise yourself with our policies and guidelines. You can find information about these at our welcome page which also provides further information about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. If you only meant to make test edits, please use your sandbox for that. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you may leave a message on my talk page. Thank you. Fieryninja (talk) 07:03, 1 June 2022 (UTC)

  Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Electronic publishing. Your edits appear to be disruptive and have been or will be reverted.

Please ensure you are familiar with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines, and please do not continue to make edits that appear disruptive. Continued disruptive editing may result in loss of editing privileges. Thank you. Fieryninja (talk) 07:10, 1 June 2022 (UTC)


Former hosting facilities

  • Alioth (Debian) – In 2018, Alioth has been replaced by a GitLab based solution hosted on salsa.debian.org. Alioth has been finally switched off in June 2018.
  • BerliOS – abandoned in April 2014[22]
  • Betavine – abandoned somewhere in 2015.
  • CodeHaus – shut down in May 2015[23]
  • CodePlex – shut down in December 2017.
  • Fedora Hosted – closed in March 2017[24]
  • Gitorious – shut down in June 2015.
  • Gna! – shut down in 2017.
  • Google Code – closed in January 2016, all projects archived. See http://code.google.com/archive/.
  • java.net – Java.net and kenai.com hosting closed April 2017.
  • Tigris.org – shut down in July 2020.[25]


Usage

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  • Put this Userbox on your userpage like thisLanguage code|User name}}



General information

Name Developer Initial release Free server? Free client? Associated collaborative development environment Notes
Assembla Assembla, Inc 2005 No Un­known Un­known
Azure DevOps Services Microsoft 2012[26] No No Azure DevOps Services

Microsoft Visual Studio

Most features are free for open source projects or teams of 5 members or less[27]
Bitbucket Atlassian 2008 No No Atlassian BitBucket Server, JIRA and Confluence Denies service to Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, Syria[28]
Buddy Buddy, LLC. 2015 No No Un­known Cloud version free for 1 project with no limit on size. Self-hosted version free up to 10 users with Fair Source license[29] applied.
CloudForge CollabNet 2012 No Un­known Un­known
Gitea Gitea organization (open source community)[30] 2016-12[31] Yes Yes Un­known Gitea is an open-source software tool funded on Open Collective that is designed for self-hosting, but also provides a free first-party instance.
GForge The GForge Group,Inc.[32] 2006 Partial Yes Cloud version – free up to 5 users. On-premises version - free up to 5 users. GForge is free for open source projects.
GitHub Microsoft/GitHub, Inc 2008-04 No No Un­known Denies service to Crimea, North Korea, Sudan, Syria[33]

List of government takedown requests

GitLab GitLab Inc. 2011-09[34] Partial[35] Yes[36] GitLab FOSS — free software
GitLab Enterprise Edition (EE) — proprietary 		Denies service to Crimea, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, Syria[37]
GNU Savannah Free Software Foundation 2001-01 Yes Yes Savane For use by projects with GPL compatible licenses, subject to staff approval.

Code access review.[38]

Helix TeamHub Perforce Software 1995 No No Cloud version – free up to 5 users. On-premises version requires a license. Free cloud version has no limits on projects within 5gb storage limit.

On-premises version has DevOps pipeline technology and free replicas.

Launchpad Canonical 2004 Yes No Launchpad Supports Bazaar and Git for version-controlled repository hosting.[14][15]
OSDN OSDN K.K. 2002–04 Un­known Yes Un­known For open-source projects only.[39] Ad-supported.
Ourproject.org Comunes Collective 2002 Yes Yes FusionForge For free software, free culture and free content projects.
OW2 OW2 2008 No No GitLab Oriented on middleware technology.
Phabricator Phacility, Inc 2010 Yes Yes Un­known End of life.[40]
SEUL Un­known 1997-05 Un­known No Un­known
SourceForge BizX LLC 1999-11 Yes[41][42] Yes Apache Allura For use by open-source projects.[43] Ad-supported.
Subject to American export restrictions, so denies service to Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, Syria.[44]
Name Manager Established Server side: all free software Client side: all-free JS code Developed or used CDE Notes


June 2022

  Hello. This is a message to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions, such as the edit(s) you made to Publishing, did not appear to be constructive and have been reverted. Please take some time to familiarise yourself with our policies and guidelines. You can find information about these at our welcome page which also provides further information about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. If you only meant to make test edits, please use your sandbox for that. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you may leave a message on my talk page. Thank you. Fieryninja (talk) 07:03, 1 June 2022 (UTC)

  Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Electronic publishing. Your edits appear to be disruptive and have been or will be reverted.

Please ensure you are familiar with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines, and please do not continue to make edits that appear disruptive. Continued disruptive editing may result in loss of editing privileges. Thank you. Fieryninja (talk) 07:10, 1 June 2022 (UTC)


Former hosting facilities

  • Alioth (Debian) – In 2018, Alioth has been replaced by a GitLab based solution hosted on salsa.debian.org. Alioth has been finally switched off in June 2018.
  • BerliOS – abandoned in April 2014[45]
  • Betavine – abandoned somewhere in 2015.
  • CodeHaus – shut down in May 2015[46]
  • CodePlex – shut down in December 2017.
  • Fedora Hosted – closed in March 2017[47]
  • Gitorious – shut down in June 2015.
  • Gna! – shut down in 2017.
  • Google Code – closed in January 2016, all projects archived. See http://code.google.com/archive/.
  • java.net – Java.net and kenai.com hosting closed April 2017.
  • Tigris.org – shut down in July 2020.[48]


Usage

  • This user box is designed to allow you to identify your user name on a different-language Wikipedia.
  • Put this Userbox on your userpage like thisLanguage code|User name}}




June 2022

  Hello. This is a message to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions, such as the edit(s) you made to Publishing, did not appear to be constructive and have been reverted. Please take some time to familiarise yourself with our policies and guidelines. You can find information about these at our welcome page which also provides further information about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. If you only meant to make test edits, please use your sandbox for that. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you may leave a message on my talk page. Thank you. Fieryninja (talk) 07:03, 1 June 2022 (UTC)

  Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Electronic publishing. Your edits appear to be disruptive and have been or will be reverted.

Please ensure you are familiar with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines, and please do not continue to make edits that appear disruptive. Continued disruptive editing may result in loss of editing privileges. Thank you. Fieryninja (talk) 07:10, 1 June 2022 (UTC)


Usage

  • This user box is designed to allow you to identify your user name on a different-language Wikipedia.
  • Put this Userbox on your userpage like thisLanguage code|User name}}



Hello. I recently linked two neighborhoods, which are listed in the Danbury, Connecticut infobox. You have since reverted these links despite the neighborhoods having their own articles. Can you please explain the logic behind this revert? Thank you. CLJ (talk). 21:53, 14 March 2022 (UTC)

I reverted because your edits broke the diagram at "Places adjacent to Danbury, Connecticut" (look at how it renders after your edits compared to the reverted version). I have no objection to the other edits, as long as they do not break anything. – Jonesey95 (talk) 22:51, 14 March 2022 (UTC)


Electronic publishing

The first digitization projects were transferring physical content into digital content. Electronic publishing is aiming to integrate the whole process of editing and publishing (production, layout, publication) in the digital world.

Alain Mille, in the book Pratiques de l'édition numérique (edited by Michael E. Sinatra and Marcello Vitali-Rosati),[49] says that the beginnings of Internet and the Web are the very core of electronic publishing, since they pretty much determined the biggest changes in the production and diffusion patterns. Internet has a direct effect on the publishing questions, letting creators and users go further in the traditional process (writer-editor-publishing house).[50]

The traditional publishing, and especially the creation part, were first revolutionized by new desktop publishing softwares appearing in the 1980s, and by the text databases created for the encyclopedias and directories. At the same time the multimedia was developing quickly, combining book, audiovisual and computer science characteristics. CDs and DVDs appear, permitting the visualization of these dictionaries and encyclopedias on computers.[51]

The arrival and democratization of Internet is slowly giving small publishing houses the opportunity to publish their books directly online. Some websites, like Amazon, let their users buy eBooks; Internet users can also find many educative platforms (free or not), encyclopedic websites like Wikipedia, and even digital magazines platforms. The eBook then becomes more and more accessible through many different supports, like the e-reader and even smartphones. The digital book had, and still has, an important impact on publishing houses and their economical models; it is still a moving ___domain, and they yet have to master the new ways of publishing in a digital era.[52]


History

Digitization

The first digitization initiative was in 1971 by Michael S. Hart, a student at the University of Illinois at Chicago, who launched Project Gutenberg,[53] designed to make literature more accessible to everyone, through the internet. It took a while to develop, and in 1989 there were only 10 texts that were manually recopied on computer by Michael S. Hart himself and some volunteers. But with the appearance of the Web 1.0 in 1991 and its ability to connect documents together through static pages, the project moved quickly forward. Many more volunteers helped in developing the project by giving access to public ___domain classics.[54]

In the 1970s, the French National Centre for Scientific Research digitized a thousand books from diverse subjects, mostly literature but also philosophy and science, dating back to the 12th century to present times, so as to build the foundations of a large dictionary, the Trésor de la langue française au Québec. This foundation of e-texts, named Frantext, was published on a compact disc under the brand name Discotext, and then on the worldwide web in 1998.[55]

Mass-scale digitization

In 1974, American inventor and futurist Raymond Kurzweil developed a scanner which was equipped with an Omnifont software that enabled optical character recognition for numeric inputs.[clarification needed] The digitization projects could then be more ambitious since the time needed for digitization decreased considerably, and digital libraries were on the rise. All over the world, e-libraries started to emerge.[citation needed]

The ABU (Association des Bibliophiles Universels), was a public digital library project created by the Cnam in 1993. It was the first French digital library in the network; suspended since 2002, they reproduced over a hundred texts that are still available.[56]

In 1992, the Bibliothèque nationale de France launched a vast digitization program. The president François Mitterrand had wanted since 1988 to create a new and innovative digital library, and it was published in 1997 under the name of Gallica.[57] In 2014, the digital library was offering 80 255 online books and over a million documents, including prints and manuscripts.[58]

In 2003, Wikisource was launched, and the project aspired to constitute a digital and multilingual library that would be a complement to the Wikipedia project. It was originally named "Project Sourceberg", as a word play to remind the Project Gutenberg.[59] Supported by the Wikimedia Foundation, Wikisource proposes digitized texts that have been verified by volunteers.[60]

In December 2004, Google created Google Books, a project to digitize all the books available in the world (over 130 million books) to make them accessible online.[61] 10 years later, 25 000 000 books, from a hundred countries and in 400 languages, are on the platform. This was possible because by that time, robotic scanners could digitize around 6 000 books per hour.[62]

In 2008, the prototype of Europeana was launched; and by 2010, the project had been giving access to over 10 million digital objects. The Europeana library is a European catalog that offers index cards on millions of digital objects and links to their digital libraries.[63] In the same year, HathiTrust was created to put together the contents of many university e-libraries from USA and Europe, as well as Google Books and Internet Archive. In 2016, over six millions of users had been using HathiTrust.[64]

Electronic publishing

The first digitization projects were transferring physical content into digital content. Electronic publishing is aiming to integrate the whole process of editing and publishing (production, layout, publication) in the digital world.

Alain Mille, in the book Pratiques de l'édition numérique (edited by Michael E. Sinatra and Marcello Vitali-Rosati),[65] says that the beginnings of Internet and the Web are the very core of electronic publishing, since they pretty much determined the biggest changes in the production and diffusion patterns. Internet has a direct effect on the publishing questions, letting creators and users go further in the traditional process (writer-editor-publishing house).[66]

The traditional publishing, and especially the creation part, were first revolutionized by new desktop publishing softwares appearing in the 1980s, and by the text databases created for the encyclopedias and directories. At the same time the multimedia was developing quickly, combining book, audiovisual and computer science characteristics. CDs and DVDs appear, permitting the visualization of these dictionaries and encyclopedias on computers.[67]

The arrival and democratization of Internet is slowly giving small publishing houses the opportunity to publish their books directly online. Some websites, like Amazon, let their users buy eBooks; Internet users can also find many educative platforms (free or not), encyclopedic websites like Wikipedia, and even digital magazines platforms. The eBook then becomes more and more accessible through many different supports, like the e-reader and even smartphones. The digital book had, and still has, an important impact on publishing houses and their economical models; it is still a moving ___domain, and they yet have to master the new ways of publishing in a digital era.[68]

Online edition

Based on new communications practices of the web 2.0 and the new architecture of participation, online edition opens the door to a collaboration of a community to elaborate and improve contents on Internet, while also enriching reading through collective reading practices. The web 2.0 not only links documents together, as did the web 1.0, it also links people together through social media: that's why it's called the Participative (or participatory) Web.[69]

Many tools were put in place to foster sharing and creative collective contents. One of the many is the Wikipedia encyclopedia, since it is edited, corrected and enhanced by millions of contributors. Open Street Map is also based on the same principle. Blogs and comment systems are also now renown as online edition and publishing, since it is possible through new interactions between the author and its readers, and can be an important method for inspiration but also for visibility.[70]


"Publisher" redirects here. For other uses, see Publisher (disambiguation).

 
Printer working an early Gutenberg letterpress from the 15th century. (1877 engraving)

Publishing is the activity of making information, literature, music, software and other content available to the public for sale or for free.[71] Traditionally, the term refers to the creation and distribution of printed works, such as books, newspapers, and magazines. With the advent of digital information systems, the scope has expanded to include electronic publishing such as ebooks, academic journals, micropublishing, websites, blogs, video game publishing, and the like.

Publishing may produce private, club, commons or public goods and may be conducted as a commercial, public, social or community activity.[72] The commercial publishing industry ranges from large multinational conglomerates such as Bertelsmann, RELX, Pearson and Thomson Reuters[73] to thousands of small independents. It has various divisions such as trade/retail publishing of fiction and non-fiction, educational publishing (k-12) and academic and scientific publishing.[74] Publishing is also undertaken by governments, civil society and private companies for administrative or compliance requirements, business, research, advocacy or public interest objectives.[75] This can include annual reports, research reports, market research, policy briefings and technical reports. Self-publishing has become very common.

"Publisher" can refer to a publishing company or organization, or to an individual who leads a publishing company, imprint, periodical or newspaper.

Publishing in law

Publication is important as a legal concept:

  1. As the process of giving formal notice to the world of a significant intention, for example, to marry or enter bankruptcy
  2. As the essential precondition of being able to claim defamation; that is, the alleged libel must have been published
  3. For copyright purposes, where there is a difference in the protection of published and unpublished works

History

Publishing became possible with the invention of writing, and became more practical upon the introduction of printing. Prior to printing, distributed works were copied manually, by scribes. Due to printing, publishing progressed hand-in-hand with the development of books.

The Chinese inventor Bi Sheng made movable type of earthenware circa 1045, but there are no known surviving examples of his work. The Korean civil servant Choe Yun-ui, who lived during the Goryeo Dynasty, invented the first metal moveable type in 1234-1250 AD [76]

Around 1450, in what is commonly regarded as an independent invention, Johannes Gutenberg invented movable type in Europe, along with innovations in casting the type based on a matrix and hand mould. This invention gradually made books less expensive to produce and more widely available.

Early printed books, single sheets and images which were created before 1501 in Europe are known as incunables or incunabula. "A man born in 1453, the year of the fall of Constantinople, could look back from his fiftieth year on a lifetime in which about eight million books had been printed, more perhaps than all the scribes of Europe had produced since Constantine founded his city in A.D. 330."[77]

Eventually, printing enabled other forms of publishing besides books. The history of modern newspaper publishing started in Germany in 1609, with publishing of magazines following in 1663.

Missionaries brought printing presses to sub-Saharan Africa in the mid-18th century.[78]

Historically, publishing has been handled by publishers, although some authors self-published.[79] The establishment of the World Wide Web in 1989 soon propelled the website into a dominant medium of publishing. Wikis and Blogs soon developed, followed by online books, online newspapers, and online magazines.

Since its start, the World Wide Web has been facilitating the technological convergence of commercial and self-published content, as well as the convergence of publishing and producing into online production through the development of multimedia content.

A U.S. based study in 2016 that surveyed 34 publishers found that the publishing industry in the US in general is overwhelmingly represented by straight, able bodied, white females.[80] Salon described the situation as "lack of diversity behind the scenes in book world".[81] A survey in 2020 by the same group found there has been no statistical significant change in the lack of diversity since the 2016 survey four years earlier.[82] Lack of diversity in the American publishing industry has been an issue for years. Within the industry, there was the least amount of diversity in higher level editorial positions.[83]

See also: List of women printers and publishers before 1800
See also: History of printing in East Asia

The traditional process of publishing

Book publishers buy or commission copy from independent authors; newspaper publishers, by contrast, usually hire staff to produce copy, although they may also employ freelance journalists, called stringers. Magazines may employ either strategy or a mixture.

Traditional book publishers are selective about what they publish. They do not accept manuscripts direct from authors. Authors must first submit a query letter or proposal, either to a literary agent or direct to the publisher. depending on the publisher's submission guidelines.[84] If the publisher does accept unsolicited manuscripts, then the manuscript is placed in the slush pile, which publisher's readers sift through to identify manuscripts worthy of publication. The acquisitions editors review these and if they agree, send them to the editorial staff. Larger companies have more levels of assessment between submission and publication than smaller companies. Unsolicited submissions have a very low rate of acceptance, with some estimates as low as 3 out of every 10,000 being accepted.[85]

Stages of publishing

The publishing process includes creation, acquisition, copy editing, production, printing (and its electronic equivalents), marketing, and distribution.

Although listed as distinct stages, parts of these occur concurrently. As editing of text progresses, front cover design and initial layout takes place, and sales and marketing of the book begins.

The publisher may subcontract various aspects of this process to specialist companies and/or freelancers.[86][87]

Binding

Main article: Bookbinding

In the case of books, binding follows upon the printing process. It involves folding the printed sheets, "securing them together, affixing boards or sides to it, and covering the whole with leather or other materials".[88]

Types of publishers

 
Eslite Bookstore in Taiwan.

There are four major types of publishers in book publishing:

  • Commercial publishers are more rigid and selective as to which books they publish. If accepted, authors pay no costs to publish in exchange for selling rights to their work. They receive in-house editing, design, printing, marketing and distribution services, and are paid royalties on sales.[89]
  • Self-publishers: Authors use self-publishing houses to publish their books and retain full rights to their works. Self-publishing houses are more open than traditional publishing houses, allowing emerging and established authors to publish their work. A number of modern or self-publishing houses offer enhanced services (e.g. editing, design) and authors may choose which one to use. Authors shoulder pre-publishing expenses and in return retain all the rights to their works, keep total control, and are paid royalties on sales.[90]
  • Vanity presses portray themselves as traditional publishers but are, in fact, just a self-publishing service. Unlike genuine self-publishing services, the author is often obliged to use some or all of their additional services, and the press will often take rights to the work as part of their contract.[91]
  • Hybrid publishers operate with a different revenue model than traditional publishing, while keeping the rest of the practices of publishing the same. There have been attempts to bridge this gap using hybrid models. No one model has been fully proven at this stage.[92]

Derided in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica as "a purely commercial affair" that cared more about profits than about literary quality,[93] publishing is like any business, with a need for the expenses not to exceed the income. Publishing is now a major industry with the largest companies Reed Elsevier and Pearson PLC having global publishing operations.

Some businesses maximize their profit margins through vertical integration; book publishing is not one of them. Although newspaper and magazine companies still often own printing presses and binderies, book publishers rarely do. Similarly, the trade usually sells the finished products through a distributor who stores and distributes the publisher's wares for a percentage fee or sells on a sale or return basis.

The advent of the Internet has provided the electronic way of book distribution without the need of physical printing, physical delivery and storage of books. This, therefore, poses an interesting question that challenges publishers, distributors, and retailers. The question pertains to the role and importance the publishing houses have in the overall publishing process. It is a common practice that the author, the original creator of the work, signs the contract awarding him or her only around 10% of the proceeds of the book.[94] Such contract leaves 90% of the book proceeds to the publishing houses, distribution companies, marketers, and retailers. One example (rearranged) of the distribution of proceeds from the sale of a book was given as follows:[95]

  • 45% to the retailer
  • 10% to the wholesaler
  • 10.125% to the publisher for printing (this is usually subcontracted out)
  • 7.15% to the publisher for marketing
  • 12.7% to the publisher for pre-production
  • 15% to the author (royalties)

Within the electronic book path, the publishing house's role remains almost identical. The process of preparing a book for e-book publication is exactly the same as print publication, with only minor variations in the process to account for the different mediums of publishing. While some costs, such as the discount given to retailers (normally around 45%)[95] are eliminated, additional costs connected to ebooks apply (especially in the conversion process), raising the production costs to a similar level.[citation needed]

Print on demand is rapidly becoming an established alternative to traditional publishing.

Book clubs are almost entirely direct-to-retail, and niche publishers pursue a mixed strategy to sell through all available outlets — their output is insignificant to the major booksellers, so lost revenue poses no threat to the traditional symbiotic relationships between the four activities of printing, publishing, distribution, and retail.

Industry sub-divisions

Newspaper publishing

Main article: Newspaper

Newspapers are regularly scheduled publications that present recent news, typically on a type of inexpensive paper called newsprint. Most newspapers are primarily sold to subscribers, through retail newsstands or are distributed as advertising-supported free newspapers. About one-third of publishers in the United States are newspaper publishers.[96]

Periodical publishing

Main article: Periodical publication

Nominally, periodical publishing involves publications that appear in a new edition on a regular schedule. Newspapers and magazines are both periodicals, but within the industry, the periodical publishing is frequently considered a separate branch that includes magazines and even academic journals, but not newspapers.[96] About one-third of publishers in the United States publish periodicals (not including newspapers).[96] The library and information science communities often refer to periodicals as serials.

Book publishing

See also: History of books
"Book publishing company" redirects here. For the publisher named Book Publishing Company, see The Farm (Tennessee).
 
Facade of Otava's publishing office in Helsinki, Finland

The global book publishing industry accounts for over $100 billion of annual revenue, or about 15% of the total media industry.[97]

For-profit publishers of books that serve the general public are often referred to as "trade publishers." Book publishers represent less than a sixth of the publishers in the United States.[96] Most books are published by a small number of very large book publishers, but thousands of smaller book publishers exist. Many small- and medium-sized book publishers specialize in a specific area. Additionally, thousands of authors have created publishing companies and self-published their own works. Within the book publishing, the publisher of record for a book is the entity in whose name the book's ISBN is registered. The publisher of record may or may not be the actual publisher.

In 2013, Penguin (owned by Pearson) and Random House (owned by Bertelsmann) merged, narrowing the industry to a handful of big publishers as it adapted to digital media.[98] The merger created the largest consumer book publisher in the world, with a global market share of more than 25 percent.[99] Approximately 60%[100] of English-language books are produced through the "Big Five" publishing houses: Penguin Random House, Hachette, HarperCollins, Simon & Schuster, and Macmillan. In November 2020, ViacomCBS agreed to sell Simon & Schuster, the third largest book publisher in the United States, to Penguin Random House in a deal that will create the first megapublisher.[98]

Leadstart, Shristi Publisher, Rupa Publications, and Jaico Publishing House are major publishers in India.[citation needed]

Directory publishing

Directory publishing is a specialized genre within the publishing industry. These publishers produce mailing lists, telephone books, and other types of directories.[96] With the advent of the Internet, many of these directories are now online.

Tie-in publishing

Main article: Tie-in

Technically, radio, television, cinemas, VCDs and DVDs, music systems, games, computer hardware and mobile telephony publish information to their audiences. Indeed, the marketing of a major film often includes a novelization, a graphic novel or comic version, the soundtrack album, a game, model, toys and endless promotional publications.

Some of the major publishers have entire divisions devoted to a single franchise, e.g. Ballantine Del Rey Lucasbooks has the exclusive rights to Star Wars in the United States; Random House UK (Bertelsmann)/Century LucasBooks holds the same rights in the United Kingdom. The game industry self-publishes through BL Publishing/Black Library (Warhammer) and Wizards of the Coast (Dragonlance, Forgotten Realms, etc.). The BBC has its publishing division that does very well with long-running series such as Doctor Who. These multimedia works are cross-marketed aggressively and sales frequently outperform the average stand-alone published work, making them a focus of corporate interest.[101]

Recent developments

Accessible publishing uses the digitization of books to mark up books into XML and then produces multiple formats from this to sell to customers, often targeting those with difficulty reading. Formats include a variety larger print sizes, specialized print formats for dyslexia,[102] eye tracking problems and macular degeneration, as well as Braille, DAISY, audiobooks and e-books.[103]

Green publishing means adapting the publishing process to minimise environmental impact. One example of this is the concept of on-demand printing, using digital or print-on-demand technology. This cuts down the need to ship books since they are manufactured close to the customer on a just-in-time basis.[104]

A further development is the growth of on-line publishing where no physical books are produced. The ebook is created by the author and uploaded to a website from where it can be downloaded and read by anyone.

An increasing number of authors are using niche marketing online to sell more books by engaging with their readers online.[105]

Standardization

Refer to the ISO divisions of ICS 01.140.40 and 35.240.30 for further information.[106][107]

 
World Intellectual Property Organization, Geneva
Main article: Publication

Publication is the distribution of copies or content to the public.[108][109] The Berne Convention requires that this can only be done with the consent of the copyright holder, which is initially always the author.[108] In the Universal Copyright Convention, "publication" is defined in article VI as "the reproduction in tangible form and the general distribution to the public of copies of a work from which it can be read or otherwise visually perceived."[109]

Privishing

Privishing (private publishing, but not to be confused with self-publishing) is a modern term for publishing a book but printing so few copies or with such lack of marketing, advertising or sales support that it effectively does not reach the public.[110] The book, while nominally published, is almost impossible to obtain through normal channels such as bookshops, often cannot be ordered specially, and has a notable lack of support from its publisher, including refusal to reprint the title. A book that is privished may be referred to as "killed". Depending on the motivation, privishing may constitute breach of contract, censorship,[111] or good business practice (e.g., not printing more books than the publisher believes will sell in a reasonable length of time).

See also

General:

Publishing on specific contexts:

Publishing tools:

References

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  2. ^ "Pricing for Azure DevOps Services". Microsoft Azure. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  3. ^ "Export Restrictions". Retrieved 19 January 2020.}}
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  45. ^ "BerliOS Developer: New berliOS portal launched". Archived from the original on 7 April 2014.
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  61. ^ Somers, James. "Torching the Modern-Day Library of Alexandria". The Atlantic. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
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  66. ^ Vitalli-Rosati, Marcello; E. Sinatra, Michael (2014). Histoire des humanités numériques. Pratiques de l'édition numérique (in French). Montréal. pp. 49–60. ISBN 978-2-7606-3202-8. Retrieved 10 April 2017. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)CS1 maint: ___location missing publisher (link)
  67. ^ "5. L'édition numérique et le livre numérique". mediadix.u-paris10.fr (in French). Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  68. ^ "EBooks: Evolving markets and new challenges – Think Tank". European Parliament. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  69. ^ Editors, Applied Clinical Trials. "Web 2.0 Revolution: Power to the People". appliedclinicaltrialsonline.com. Retrieved 13 July 2018. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  70. ^ "5. L'édition numérique et le livre numérique". mediadix.parisnanterre.fr (in French). Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  71. ^ "PUBLISHING | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary". dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  72. ^ Hess, Charlotte; Ostrom, Elinor, eds. (2011). Understanding knowledge as a commons : from theory to practice. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-51603-7. OCLC 709863190.
  73. ^ "GLOBAL 50. The world ranking of the publishing industry 2019". Issuu. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
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  75. ^ Börjesson, Lisa (2016). "Research outside academia? - An analysis of resources in extra-academic report writing: Research Outside Academia? - An Analysis of Resources in Extra-Academic Report Writing". Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 53 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1002/pra2.2016.14505301036. S2CID 7212603.
  76. ^ Newman, Sophia (19 June 2019). "So, Gutenberg Didn't Actually Invent Printing As We Know It". lithub.com. Literary Hub. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  77. ^ Clapham, Michael, "Printing" in A History of Technology, Vol 2. From the Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution, edd. Charles Singer et al. (Oxford 1957), p. 377. Cited from Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change (Cambridge University, 1980).
  78. ^ Gazemba, Stanley (13 December 2019). "African Publishing Minefields and the Woes of the African Writer". The Elephant. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  79. ^ "Notable Moments in Self-Publishing History: A Timeline". Poets & Writers. 1 November 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  80. ^ Flood, Alison (27 January 2016). "Publishing industry is overwhelmingly white and female, US study finds". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  81. ^ "White women of publishing: New survey shows a lack of diversity behind the scenes in book world". Salon. 26 January 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  82. ^ Flood, Alison (30 January 2020). "US publishing remains 'as white today as it was four years ago'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  83. ^ ITALIE, HILLEL (11 February 2020). "Missteps lead publishing industry to review diversity effort". Associated Press. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  84. ^ "Submitting your work - Allen & Unwin - Australia". www.allenandunwin.com. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
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  111. ^ Sue Curry Jansen; Brian Martin (July 2003). "Making censorship backfire". Counterpoise. 7.

Full vertical style

The full vertical style can be implemented in a three-columns format (only practical when the number of parameters is not too extended) or in a four-columns format.

Three-columns format

The full vertical style in three columns consists of a "Vertical list", "Prerequisites" and "Brief instructions / notes". 

<!--
* Start with: 
-->
{{csdoc|usage vertical}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
<!--
* Create the vertical list column
* Separate the next column with:
-->
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical mid}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
<!--
* Create the prerequisites column; blank lines must include a <code>&nbsp;</code>
* Separate the next column with:
-->
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical mid}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
<!--
* Create the instructions column; blank lines must include a <code>&nbsp;</code>
* End with:
-->
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical end}}

Example: 

{{csdoc|usage vertical}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
{{cite book
| last                  =
| first                 =
| author-link           =
}}
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical mid}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
last
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical mid}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
&nbsp;
same as last1
same as first1
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical end}}
{{csdoc|usage vertical}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
{{cite book
| last                  =
| first                 =
| author-link           =
}}
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical mid}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
last
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical mid}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
&nbsp;
same as last1
same as first1
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
{{csdoc|usage vertical end}}

Four-columns format

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Full parameter set in vertical format
! Parameters !! Prerequisites !! Brief instructions / notes !! Vertical list
|-
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.)|last1}}
| 
| Author's last name or single name author. Don't link.
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top;" | <pre style="margin:0px; border:none;">
{{cite xxxxx 
 |last1                =
 |first1               =
 |author-link1         =
}}
</pre>
|-
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: first; given1; given; author-first1; author-first; (etc.)|first1}}
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.)|last1}}
| Author's first name. Don't link.
|-
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: author-link; subject-link1; subject-link; (etc.)|author-link1}}
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.)|last1}}
| Title of Wikipedia article about the first author. Don't link.
|}
Full parameter set in vertical format
Parameters Prerequisites Brief instructions / notes Vertical list
or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.) Author's last name or single name author. Don't link. 
{{cite xxxxx 
 |last1                =
 |first1               =
 |author-link1         =
 |last2                =
 |first2               =
 |author-link2         =
 |last3                =
 |first3               =
 |author-link3         =
 |last4                =
 |first4               =
 |author-link4         =
 |last5                =
 |first5               =
 |author-link5         =
 |name-list-style      =
 |vauthors             =
 |translator-last1     =
 |translator-first1    =
 |translator-link1     =
 |translator-last2     =
 |translator-first2    =
 |translator-link2     =
 |collaboration        =
 |contributor-last1    =
 |contributor-first1   =
 |contributor-link1    =
 |contributor-last2    =
 |contributor-first2   =
 |contributor-link2    =
 |others               =
 |editor-last1         =
 |editor-first1        =
 |editor-link1         =
 |editor-last2         =
 |editor-first2        =
 |editor-link2         =
 |editor-last3         =
 |editor-first3        =
 |editor-link3         =
 |veditors             =
 |title                =
 |script-title         =
 |trans-title          =
 |work                 =
 |script-work          =
 |trans-work           =
 |issue                =
 |department           =
 |chapter              =
 |script-chapter       =
 |trans-chapter        =
 |contribution         =
 |type                 =
 |edition              =
 |series               =
 |series-link          =
 |episode              =
 |event                =
 |agency               =
 |volume               =
 |date                 =
 |year                 =
 |orig-date            =
 |df                   =
 |publisher            =
 |___location             =
 |publication-place    =
 |via                  =
 |language             =
 |page                 =
 |pages                =
 |no-pp                =
 |at                   =
 |minutes              =
 |time                 =
 |time-caption         =
 |id                   =
 |arxiv                =
 |asin                 =
 |asin-tld             =
 |bibcode              =
 |biorxiv              =
 |citeseerx            =
 |doi                  =
 |doi-broken-date      =
 |eissn                =
 |hdl                  =
 |sbn                  =
 |isbn                 =
 |ismn                 =
 |issn                 =
 |jfm                  =
 |jstor                =
 |lccn                 =
 |mr                   =
 |oclc                 =
 |ol                   =
 |osti                 =
 |pmc                  =
 |embargo              =
 |pmid                 =
 |rfc                  =
 |ssrn                 =
 |zbl                  =
 |url                  =
 |format               =
 |archive-url          =
 |archive-format       =
 |url-status           =
 |archive-date         =
 |chapter-url          =
 |chapter-format       =
 |access-date          =
 |no-tracking          =
 |quote                =
 |ref                  =
 |mode                 =
 |author-mask1         =
 |author-mask2         =
 |author-mask3         =
 |author-mask4         =
 |author-mask5         =
 |display-authors      =
 |translator-mask1     =
 |translator-mask2     =
 |display-translators  =
 |contributor-mask1    =
 |contributor-mask2    =
 |display-contributors =
 |editor-mask1         =
 |editor-mask2         =
 |editor-mask3         =
 |display-editors      =
 |postscript           =
 |url-access           =
 |chapter-url-access   =
 |bibcode-access       =
 |doi-access           =
 |hdl-access           =
 |jstor-access         =
 |ol-access            =
 |osti-access          =
 |map                  =
 |script-map           =
 |trans-map            =
 |map-url              =
 |map-format           =
 |map-url-access       =
 |scale                =
 |cartography          =
 |inset                =
 |sections             =
 |interviewer-last1    =
 |interviewer-first1   =
 |interviewer-link1    =
 |interviewer-last2    =
 |interviewer-first2   =
 |interviewer-link2    =
 |interviewer-mask1    =
 |interviewer-mask2    =
 |display-interviewers =
 |season               =
 |series-number        =
 |series-separator     =
 |network              =
 |station              =
 |transcript           =
 |transcript-url       =
 |transcript-format    =
 |conference           =
 |conference-url       =
 |conference-format    =
}}
or any of its aliases, including: first; given1; given; author-first1; author-first; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.) Author's first name. Don't link.
or any of its aliases, including: author-link; author1-link; subject-link1; subject-link; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.) Title of Wikipedia article about the first author. Don't link.
or any of its aliases, including: author2; author-last2; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.) Like last1, but for 2nd author.
or any of its aliases, including: given2; author-first2; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author2; author-last2; (etc.) Like first1, but for 2nd author.
or any of its aliases, including: author2-link; subject-link2; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author2; author-last2; (etc.) Like author-link1, but for 2nd author.
or any of its aliases, including: author3; author-last3; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author2; author-last2; (etc.) Like last1, but for 3rd author.
or any of its aliases, including: given3; author-first3; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author3; author-last3; (etc.) Like first1, but for 3rd author.
or any of its aliases, including: author3-link; subject-link3; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author3; author-last3; (etc.) Like author-link1, but for 3rd author.
or any of its aliases, including: author4; author-last4; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author3; author-last3; (etc.) Like last1, but for 4th author.
or any of its aliases, including: given4; author-first4; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author4; author-last4; (etc.) Like first1, but for 4th author.
or any of its aliases, including: author4-link; subject-link4; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author4; author-last4; (etc.) Like author-link1, but for 4th author.
or any of its aliases, including: author5; author-last5; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author4; author-last4; (etc.) Like last1, but for 5th author. Similar: last6, etc.
or any of its aliases, including: given5; author-first5; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author5; author-last5; (etc.) Like first1, but for 5th author. Similar: first6, etc.
or any of its aliases, including: author5-link; subject-link5; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author5; author-last5; (etc.) Like author-link1, but for 5th author. Similar: author-link6, etc.
name-list-style vanc to emulate Vancouver style
vauthors
translator-last1
translator-first1 translator-last1
translator-link1 translator-last1
translator-last2 translator-last1 Additional translators: translator-last3, etc.
translator-first2 translator-last2
translator-link2 translator-last2
collaboration
contributor-last1
contributor-first1
contributor-link1
contributor-last2
contributor-first2
contributor-link2
others
editor-last1
editor-first1 editor-last1
editor-link1 editor-last1
editor-last2 editor-last1
editor-first2 editor-last2
editor-link2 editor-last2
editor-last3 editor-last2
editor-first3 editor-last3
editor-link3 editor-last3
veditors
title
script-title
trans-title title or script-title
work
script-work
trans-work work or script-work
issue
department
chapter Chapter title can be wikilinked unless when a chapter-url is given
script-chapter
trans-chapter chapter or script-chapter
contribution
type
edition Ordinal number
series
series-link
episode
event
agency
volume
date
year
orig-date date or year
df
publisher
___location publisher
publication-place
via
language
page choose one: "page", "pages", or "at"
pages choose one: "page", "pages", or "at". Use when content on multiple pages supports the article text.
no-pp page or pages set no-pp to "yes" to suppress the "p." or "pp." before page numbers
at choose one: "page", "pages", or "at"
minutes
time
time-caption
id
arxiv
asin
asin-tld
bibcode
biorxiv
citeseerx
doi
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June 2022

  Hello. This is a message to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions, such as the edit(s) you made to Publishing, did not appear to be constructive and have been reverted. Please take some time to familiarise yourself with our policies and guidelines. You can find information about these at our welcome page which also provides further information about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. If you only meant to make test edits, please use your sandbox for that. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you may leave a message on my talk page. Thank you. Fieryninja (talk) 07:03, 1 June 2022 (UTC)

  Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Electronic publishing. Your edits appear to be disruptive and have been or will be reverted.

Please ensure you are familiar with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines, and please do not continue to make edits that appear disruptive. Continued disruptive editing may result in loss of editing privileges. Thank you. Fieryninja (talk) 07:10, 1 June 2022 (UTC)


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Hello. I recently linked two neighborhoods, which are listed in the Danbury, Connecticut infobox. You have since reverted these links despite the neighborhoods having their own articles. Can you please explain the logic behind this revert? Thank you. CLJ (talk). 21:53, 14 March 2022 (UTC)

I reverted because your edits broke the diagram at "Places adjacent to Danbury, Connecticut" (look at how it renders after your edits compared to the reverted version). I have no objection to the other edits, as long as they do not break anything. – Jonesey95 (talk) 22:51, 14 March 2022 (UTC)


Electronic publishing

The first digitization projects were transferring physical content into digital content. Electronic publishing is aiming to integrate the whole process of editing and publishing (production, layout, publication) in the digital world.

Alain Mille, in the book Pratiques de l'édition numérique (edited by Michael E. Sinatra and Marcello Vitali-Rosati),[1] says that the beginnings of Internet and the Web are the very core of electronic publishing, since they pretty much determined the biggest changes in the production and diffusion patterns. Internet has a direct effect on the publishing questions, letting creators and users go further in the traditional process (writer-editor-publishing house).[2]

The traditional publishing, and especially the creation part, were first revolutionized by new desktop publishing softwares appearing in the 1980s, and by the text databases created for the encyclopedias and directories. At the same time the multimedia was developing quickly, combining book, audiovisual and computer science characteristics. CDs and DVDs appear, permitting the visualization of these dictionaries and encyclopedias on computers.[3]

The arrival and democratization of Internet is slowly giving small publishing houses the opportunity to publish their books directly online. Some websites, like Amazon, let their users buy eBooks; Internet users can also find many educative platforms (free or not), encyclopedic websites like Wikipedia, and even digital magazines platforms. The eBook then becomes more and more accessible through many different supports, like the e-reader and even smartphones. The digital book had, and still has, an important impact on publishing houses and their economical models; it is still a moving ___domain, and they yet have to master the new ways of publishing in a digital era.[4]


History

Digitization

The first digitization initiative was in 1971 by Michael S. Hart, a student at the University of Illinois at Chicago, who launched Project Gutenberg,[5] designed to make literature more accessible to everyone, through the internet. It took a while to develop, and in 1989 there were only 10 texts that were manually recopied on computer by Michael S. Hart himself and some volunteers. But with the appearance of the Web 1.0 in 1991 and its ability to connect documents together through static pages, the project moved quickly forward. Many more volunteers helped in developing the project by giving access to public ___domain classics.[6]

In the 1970s, the French National Centre for Scientific Research digitized a thousand books from diverse subjects, mostly literature but also philosophy and science, dating back to the 12th century to present times, so as to build the foundations of a large dictionary, the Trésor de la langue française au Québec. This foundation of e-texts, named Frantext, was published on a compact disc under the brand name Discotext, and then on the worldwide web in 1998.[7]

Mass-scale digitization

In 1974, American inventor and futurist Raymond Kurzweil developed a scanner which was equipped with an Omnifont software that enabled optical character recognition for numeric inputs.[clarification needed] The digitization projects could then be more ambitious since the time needed for digitization decreased considerably, and digital libraries were on the rise. All over the world, e-libraries started to emerge.[citation needed]

The ABU (Association des Bibliophiles Universels), was a public digital library project created by the Cnam in 1993. It was the first French digital library in the network; suspended since 2002, they reproduced over a hundred texts that are still available.[8]

In 1992, the Bibliothèque nationale de France launched a vast digitization program. The president François Mitterrand had wanted since 1988 to create a new and innovative digital library, and it was published in 1997 under the name of Gallica.[9] In 2014, the digital library was offering 80 255 online books and over a million documents, including prints and manuscripts.[10]

In 2003, Wikisource was launched, and the project aspired to constitute a digital and multilingual library that would be a complement to the Wikipedia project. It was originally named "Project Sourceberg", as a word play to remind the Project Gutenberg.[11] Supported by the Wikimedia Foundation, Wikisource proposes digitized texts that have been verified by volunteers.[12]

In December 2004, Google created Google Books, a project to digitize all the books available in the world (over 130 million books) to make them accessible online.[13] 10 years later, 25 000 000 books, from a hundred countries and in 400 languages, are on the platform. This was possible because by that time, robotic scanners could digitize around 6 000 books per hour.[14]

In 2008, the prototype of Europeana was launched; and by 2010, the project had been giving access to over 10 million digital objects. The Europeana library is a European catalog that offers index cards on millions of digital objects and links to their digital libraries.[15] In the same year, HathiTrust was created to put together the contents of many university e-libraries from USA and Europe, as well as Google Books and Internet Archive. In 2016, over six millions of users had been using HathiTrust.[16]

Electronic publishing

The first digitization projects were transferring physical content into digital content. Electronic publishing is aiming to integrate the whole process of editing and publishing (production, layout, publication) in the digital world.

Alain Mille, in the book Pratiques de l'édition numérique (edited by Michael E. Sinatra and Marcello Vitali-Rosati),[17] says that the beginnings of Internet and the Web are the very core of electronic publishing, since they pretty much determined the biggest changes in the production and diffusion patterns. Internet has a direct effect on the publishing questions, letting creators and users go further in the traditional process (writer-editor-publishing house).[18]

The traditional publishing, and especially the creation part, were first revolutionized by new desktop publishing softwares appearing in the 1980s, and by the text databases created for the encyclopedias and directories. At the same time the multimedia was developing quickly, combining book, audiovisual and computer science characteristics. CDs and DVDs appear, permitting the visualization of these dictionaries and encyclopedias on computers.[19]

The arrival and democratization of Internet is slowly giving small publishing houses the opportunity to publish their books directly online. Some websites, like Amazon, let their users buy eBooks; Internet users can also find many educative platforms (free or not), encyclopedic websites like Wikipedia, and even digital magazines platforms. The eBook then becomes more and more accessible through many different supports, like the e-reader and even smartphones. The digital book had, and still has, an important impact on publishing houses and their economical models; it is still a moving ___domain, and they yet have to master the new ways of publishing in a digital era.[20]

Online edition

Based on new communications practices of the web 2.0 and the new architecture of participation, online edition opens the door to a collaboration of a community to elaborate and improve contents on Internet, while also enriching reading through collective reading practices. The web 2.0 not only links documents together, as did the web 1.0, it also links people together through social media: that's why it's called the Participative (or participatory) Web.[21]

Many tools were put in place to foster sharing and creative collective contents. One of the many is the Wikipedia encyclopedia, since it is edited, corrected and enhanced by millions of contributors. Open Street Map is also based on the same principle. Blogs and comment systems are also now renown as online edition and publishing, since it is possible through new interactions between the author and its readers, and can be an important method for inspiration but also for visibility.[22]


"Publisher" redirects here. For other uses, see Publisher (disambiguation).

 
Printer working an early Gutenberg letterpress from the 15th century. (1877 engraving)

Publishing is the activity of making information, literature, music, software and other content available to the public for sale or for free.[23] Traditionally, the term refers to the creation and distribution of printed works, such as books, newspapers, and magazines. With the advent of digital information systems, the scope has expanded to include electronic publishing such as ebooks, academic journals, micropublishing, websites, blogs, video game publishing, and the like.

Publishing may produce private, club, commons or public goods and may be conducted as a commercial, public, social or community activity.[24] The commercial publishing industry ranges from large multinational conglomerates such as Bertelsmann, RELX, Pearson and Thomson Reuters[25] to thousands of small independents. It has various divisions such as trade/retail publishing of fiction and non-fiction, educational publishing (k-12) and academic and scientific publishing.[26] Publishing is also undertaken by governments, civil society and private companies for administrative or compliance requirements, business, research, advocacy or public interest objectives.[27] This can include annual reports, research reports, market research, policy briefings and technical reports. Self-publishing has become very common.

"Publisher" can refer to a publishing company or organization, or to an individual who leads a publishing company, imprint, periodical or newspaper.

Publishing in law

Publication is important as a legal concept:

  1. As the process of giving formal notice to the world of a significant intention, for example, to marry or enter bankruptcy
  2. As the essential precondition of being able to claim defamation; that is, the alleged libel must have been published
  3. For copyright purposes, where there is a difference in the protection of published and unpublished works

History

Publishing became possible with the invention of writing, and became more practical upon the introduction of printing. Prior to printing, distributed works were copied manually, by scribes. Due to printing, publishing progressed hand-in-hand with the development of books.

The Chinese inventor Bi Sheng made movable type of earthenware circa 1045, but there are no known surviving examples of his work. The Korean civil servant Choe Yun-ui, who lived during the Goryeo Dynasty, invented the first metal moveable type in 1234-1250 AD [28]

Around 1450, in what is commonly regarded as an independent invention, Johannes Gutenberg invented movable type in Europe, along with innovations in casting the type based on a matrix and hand mould. This invention gradually made books less expensive to produce and more widely available.

Early printed books, single sheets and images which were created before 1501 in Europe are known as incunables or incunabula. "A man born in 1453, the year of the fall of Constantinople, could look back from his fiftieth year on a lifetime in which about eight million books had been printed, more perhaps than all the scribes of Europe had produced since Constantine founded his city in A.D. 330."[29]

Eventually, printing enabled other forms of publishing besides books. The history of modern newspaper publishing started in Germany in 1609, with publishing of magazines following in 1663.

Missionaries brought printing presses to sub-Saharan Africa in the mid-18th century.[30]

Historically, publishing has been handled by publishers, although some authors self-published.[31] The establishment of the World Wide Web in 1989 soon propelled the website into a dominant medium of publishing. Wikis and Blogs soon developed, followed by online books, online newspapers, and online magazines.

Since its start, the World Wide Web has been facilitating the technological convergence of commercial and self-published content, as well as the convergence of publishing and producing into online production through the development of multimedia content.

A U.S. based study in 2016 that surveyed 34 publishers found that the publishing industry in the US in general is overwhelmingly represented by straight, able bodied, white females.[32] Salon described the situation as "lack of diversity behind the scenes in book world".[33] A survey in 2020 by the same group found there has been no statistical significant change in the lack of diversity since the 2016 survey four years earlier.[34] Lack of diversity in the American publishing industry has been an issue for years. Within the industry, there was the least amount of diversity in higher level editorial positions.[35]

See also: List of women printers and publishers before 1800
See also: History of printing in East Asia

The traditional process of publishing

Book publishers buy or commission copy from independent authors; newspaper publishers, by contrast, usually hire staff to produce copy, although they may also employ freelance journalists, called stringers. Magazines may employ either strategy or a mixture.

Traditional book publishers are selective about what they publish. They do not accept manuscripts direct from authors. Authors must first submit a query letter or proposal, either to a literary agent or direct to the publisher. depending on the publisher's submission guidelines.[36] If the publisher does accept unsolicited manuscripts, then the manuscript is placed in the slush pile, which publisher's readers sift through to identify manuscripts worthy of publication. The acquisitions editors review these and if they agree, send them to the editorial staff. Larger companies have more levels of assessment between submission and publication than smaller companies. Unsolicited submissions have a very low rate of acceptance, with some estimates as low as 3 out of every 10,000 being accepted.[37]

Stages of publishing

The publishing process includes creation, acquisition, copy editing, production, printing (and its electronic equivalents), marketing, and distribution.

Although listed as distinct stages, parts of these occur concurrently. As editing of text progresses, front cover design and initial layout takes place, and sales and marketing of the book begins.

The publisher may subcontract various aspects of this process to specialist companies and/or freelancers.[38][39]

Binding

Main article: Bookbinding

In the case of books, binding follows upon the printing process. It involves folding the printed sheets, "securing them together, affixing boards or sides to it, and covering the whole with leather or other materials".[40]

Types of publishers

 
Eslite Bookstore in Taiwan.

There are four major types of publishers in book publishing:

  • Commercial publishers are more rigid and selective as to which books they publish. If accepted, authors pay no costs to publish in exchange for selling rights to their work. They receive in-house editing, design, printing, marketing and distribution services, and are paid royalties on sales.[41]
  • Self-publishers: Authors use self-publishing houses to publish their books and retain full rights to their works. Self-publishing houses are more open than traditional publishing houses, allowing emerging and established authors to publish their work. A number of modern or self-publishing houses offer enhanced services (e.g. editing, design) and authors may choose which one to use. Authors shoulder pre-publishing expenses and in return retain all the rights to their works, keep total control, and are paid royalties on sales.[42]
  • Vanity presses portray themselves as traditional publishers but are, in fact, just a self-publishing service. Unlike genuine self-publishing services, the author is often obliged to use some or all of their additional services, and the press will often take rights to the work as part of their contract.[43]
  • Hybrid publishers operate with a different revenue model than traditional publishing, while keeping the rest of the practices of publishing the same. There have been attempts to bridge this gap using hybrid models. No one model has been fully proven at this stage.[44]

Derided in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica as "a purely commercial affair" that cared more about profits than about literary quality,[45] publishing is like any business, with a need for the expenses not to exceed the income. Publishing is now a major industry with the largest companies Reed Elsevier and Pearson PLC having global publishing operations.

Some businesses maximize their profit margins through vertical integration; book publishing is not one of them. Although newspaper and magazine companies still often own printing presses and binderies, book publishers rarely do. Similarly, the trade usually sells the finished products through a distributor who stores and distributes the publisher's wares for a percentage fee or sells on a sale or return basis.

The advent of the Internet has provided the electronic way of book distribution without the need of physical printing, physical delivery and storage of books. This, therefore, poses an interesting question that challenges publishers, distributors, and retailers. The question pertains to the role and importance the publishing houses have in the overall publishing process. It is a common practice that the author, the original creator of the work, signs the contract awarding him or her only around 10% of the proceeds of the book.[46] Such contract leaves 90% of the book proceeds to the publishing houses, distribution companies, marketers, and retailers. One example (rearranged) of the distribution of proceeds from the sale of a book was given as follows:[47]

  • 45% to the retailer
  • 10% to the wholesaler
  • 10.125% to the publisher for printing (this is usually subcontracted out)
  • 7.15% to the publisher for marketing
  • 12.7% to the publisher for pre-production
  • 15% to the author (royalties)

Within the electronic book path, the publishing house's role remains almost identical. The process of preparing a book for e-book publication is exactly the same as print publication, with only minor variations in the process to account for the different mediums of publishing. While some costs, such as the discount given to retailers (normally around 45%)[47] are eliminated, additional costs connected to ebooks apply (especially in the conversion process), raising the production costs to a similar level.[citation needed]

Print on demand is rapidly becoming an established alternative to traditional publishing.

Book clubs are almost entirely direct-to-retail, and niche publishers pursue a mixed strategy to sell through all available outlets — their output is insignificant to the major booksellers, so lost revenue poses no threat to the traditional symbiotic relationships between the four activities of printing, publishing, distribution, and retail.

Industry sub-divisions

Newspaper publishing

Main article: Newspaper

Newspapers are regularly scheduled publications that present recent news, typically on a type of inexpensive paper called newsprint. Most newspapers are primarily sold to subscribers, through retail newsstands or are distributed as advertising-supported free newspapers. About one-third of publishers in the United States are newspaper publishers.[48]

Periodical publishing

Main article: Periodical publication

Nominally, periodical publishing involves publications that appear in a new edition on a regular schedule. Newspapers and magazines are both periodicals, but within the industry, the periodical publishing is frequently considered a separate branch that includes magazines and even academic journals, but not newspapers.[48] About one-third of publishers in the United States publish periodicals (not including newspapers).[48] The library and information science communities often refer to periodicals as serials.

Book publishing

See also: History of books
"Book publishing company" redirects here. For the publisher named Book Publishing Company, see The Farm (Tennessee).
 
Facade of Otava's publishing office in Helsinki, Finland

The global book publishing industry accounts for over $100 billion of annual revenue, or about 15% of the total media industry.[49]

For-profit publishers of books that serve the general public are often referred to as "trade publishers." Book publishers represent less than a sixth of the publishers in the United States.[48] Most books are published by a small number of very large book publishers, but thousands of smaller book publishers exist. Many small- and medium-sized book publishers specialize in a specific area. Additionally, thousands of authors have created publishing companies and self-published their own works. Within the book publishing, the publisher of record for a book is the entity in whose name the book's ISBN is registered. The publisher of record may or may not be the actual publisher.

In 2013, Penguin (owned by Pearson) and Random House (owned by Bertelsmann) merged, narrowing the industry to a handful of big publishers as it adapted to digital media.[50] The merger created the largest consumer book publisher in the world, with a global market share of more than 25 percent.[51] Approximately 60%[52] of English-language books are produced through the "Big Five" publishing houses: Penguin Random House, Hachette, HarperCollins, Simon & Schuster, and Macmillan. In November 2020, ViacomCBS agreed to sell Simon & Schuster, the third largest book publisher in the United States, to Penguin Random House in a deal that will create the first megapublisher.[50]

Leadstart, Shristi Publisher, Rupa Publications, and Jaico Publishing House are major publishers in India.[citation needed]

Directory publishing

Directory publishing is a specialized genre within the publishing industry. These publishers produce mailing lists, telephone books, and other types of directories.[48] With the advent of the Internet, many of these directories are now online.

Tie-in publishing

Main article: Tie-in

Technically, radio, television, cinemas, VCDs and DVDs, music systems, games, computer hardware and mobile telephony publish information to their audiences. Indeed, the marketing of a major film often includes a novelization, a graphic novel or comic version, the soundtrack album, a game, model, toys and endless promotional publications.

Some of the major publishers have entire divisions devoted to a single franchise, e.g. Ballantine Del Rey Lucasbooks has the exclusive rights to Star Wars in the United States; Random House UK (Bertelsmann)/Century LucasBooks holds the same rights in the United Kingdom. The game industry self-publishes through BL Publishing/Black Library (Warhammer) and Wizards of the Coast (Dragonlance, Forgotten Realms, etc.). The BBC has its publishing division that does very well with long-running series such as Doctor Who. These multimedia works are cross-marketed aggressively and sales frequently outperform the average stand-alone published work, making them a focus of corporate interest.[53]

Recent developments

Accessible publishing uses the digitization of books to mark up books into XML and then produces multiple formats from this to sell to customers, often targeting those with difficulty reading. Formats include a variety larger print sizes, specialized print formats for dyslexia,[54] eye tracking problems and macular degeneration, as well as Braille, DAISY, audiobooks and e-books.[55]

Green publishing means adapting the publishing process to minimise environmental impact. One example of this is the concept of on-demand printing, using digital or print-on-demand technology. This cuts down the need to ship books since they are manufactured close to the customer on a just-in-time basis.[56]

A further development is the growth of on-line publishing where no physical books are produced. The ebook is created by the author and uploaded to a website from where it can be downloaded and read by anyone.

An increasing number of authors are using niche marketing online to sell more books by engaging with their readers online.[57]

Standardization

Refer to the ISO divisions of ICS 01.140.40 and 35.240.30 for further information.[58][59]

 
World Intellectual Property Organization, Geneva
Main article: Publication

Publication is the distribution of copies or content to the public.[60][61] The Berne Convention requires that this can only be done with the consent of the copyright holder, which is initially always the author.[60] In the Universal Copyright Convention, "publication" is defined in article VI as "the reproduction in tangible form and the general distribution to the public of copies of a work from which it can be read or otherwise visually perceived."[61]

Privishing

Privishing (private publishing, but not to be confused with self-publishing) is a modern term for publishing a book but printing so few copies or with such lack of marketing, advertising or sales support that it effectively does not reach the public.[62] The book, while nominally published, is almost impossible to obtain through normal channels such as bookshops, often cannot be ordered specially, and has a notable lack of support from its publisher, including refusal to reprint the title. A book that is privished may be referred to as "killed". Depending on the motivation, privishing may constitute breach of contract, censorship,[63] or good business practice (e.g., not printing more books than the publisher believes will sell in a reasonable length of time).

See also

General:

Publishing on specific contexts:

Publishing tools:

References

  1. ^ Vitali-Rosati, Marcello; E. Sinatra, Michael (2014). Pratiques de l'édition numérique (in French). Sens Public. ISBN 978-2-7606-3592-0.
  2. ^ Vitalli-Rosati, Marcello; E. Sinatra, Michael (2014). Histoire des humanités numériques. Pratiques de l'édition numérique (in French). Montréal. pp. 49–60. ISBN 978-2-7606-3202-8. Retrieved 10 April 2017. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)CS1 maint: ___location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ "5. L'édition numérique et le livre numérique". mediadix.u-paris10.fr (in French). Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  4. ^ "EBooks: Evolving markets and new challenges – Think Tank". European Parliament. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  5. ^ Marie Lebert, Les mutations du livre à l'heure de l'internet, Net des études françaises, Montreal, 2007
  6. ^ Dacos, Marin; Mounier, Pierre (2010). III. L'édition au défi du numérique (in French). La Découverte. ISBN 9782707157294.
  7. ^ "Frantext". frantext.fr. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  8. ^ Lebert, Marie (2008). Les mutations du livre (in French). Project Gutenberg.
  9. ^ "A propos | Gallica". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  10. ^ Tasrot-Gillery, Sylviane (February 2015). "La BNF et le numérique patrimonial et culturel" (PDF). La Lettre du Coepia (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  11. ^ "Wikisource:What is Wikisource? – Wikisource". wikisource.org. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  12. ^ "Wikisource: International Full-Texts | Binghamton University Libraries News and Events". libnews.binghamton.edu. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  13. ^ Somers, James. "Torching the Modern-Day Library of Alexandria". The Atlantic. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  14. ^ "Google Books: A Complex and Controversial Experiment". Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  15. ^ "Collections Europeana". Collections Europeana (in French). Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  16. ^ "14 Million Books & 6 Million Visitors: HathiTrust Growth and Usage in 2016 (pdf)
  17. ^ Vitali-Rosati, Marcello; E. Sinatra, Michael (2014). Pratiques de l'édition numérique (in French). Sens Public. ISBN 978-2-7606-3592-0.
  18. ^ Vitalli-Rosati, Marcello; E. Sinatra, Michael (2014). Histoire des humanités numériques. Pratiques de l'édition numérique (in French). Montréal. pp. 49–60. ISBN 978-2-7606-3202-8. Retrieved 10 April 2017. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)CS1 maint: ___location missing publisher (link)
  19. ^ "5. L'édition numérique et le livre numérique". mediadix.u-paris10.fr (in French). Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  20. ^ "EBooks: Evolving markets and new challenges – Think Tank". European Parliament. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  21. ^ Editors, Applied Clinical Trials. "Web 2.0 Revolution: Power to the People". appliedclinicaltrialsonline.com. Retrieved 13 July 2018. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  22. ^ "5. L'édition numérique et le livre numérique". mediadix.parisnanterre.fr (in French). Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  23. ^ "PUBLISHING | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary". dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  24. ^ Hess, Charlotte; Ostrom, Elinor, eds. (2011). Understanding knowledge as a commons : from theory to practice. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-51603-7. OCLC 709863190.
  25. ^ "GLOBAL 50. The world ranking of the publishing industry 2019". Issuu. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  26. ^ "The Global Publishing Industry in 2016". www.wipo.int. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  27. ^ Börjesson, Lisa (2016). "Research outside academia? - An analysis of resources in extra-academic report writing: Research Outside Academia? - An Analysis of Resources in Extra-Academic Report Writing". Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 53 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1002/pra2.2016.14505301036. S2CID 7212603.
  28. ^ Newman, Sophia (19 June 2019). "So, Gutenberg Didn't Actually Invent Printing As We Know It". lithub.com. Literary Hub. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  29. ^ Clapham, Michael, "Printing" in A History of Technology, Vol 2. From the Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution, edd. Charles Singer et al. (Oxford 1957), p. 377. Cited from Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change (Cambridge University, 1980).
  30. ^ Gazemba, Stanley (13 December 2019). "African Publishing Minefields and the Woes of the African Writer". The Elephant. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  31. ^ "Notable Moments in Self-Publishing History: A Timeline". Poets & Writers. 1 November 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  32. ^ Flood, Alison (27 January 2016). "Publishing industry is overwhelmingly white and female, US study finds". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  33. ^ "White women of publishing: New survey shows a lack of diversity behind the scenes in book world". Salon. 26 January 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  34. ^ Flood, Alison (30 January 2020). "US publishing remains 'as white today as it was four years ago'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  35. ^ ITALIE, HILLEL (11 February 2020). "Missteps lead publishing industry to review diversity effort". Associated Press. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  36. ^ "Submitting your work - Allen & Unwin - Australia". www.allenandunwin.com. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  37. ^ Tara K. Harper (2004). "On Publishers and Getting Published". Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  38. ^ "Jobs and Careers – Help". Random House, Inc. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
  39. ^ "Jobs with Penguin". Penguin Books Ltd. Archived from the original on 6 September 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
  40. ^ Hannett, John (2010) [1836]. Bibliopegia: Or the Art of Bookbinding, in All Its Branches. Cambridge Library Collection: Printing and Publishing History (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-108-02144-9. Retrieved 19 February 2013. Binding is the art of folding the sheets of a book, securing them together, affixing boards or sides thereto, and covering the whole with leather or other materials
  41. ^ Steven, Daniel. "Self-publishing – In traditional royalty publishing". publishlawyer.com. Daniel N. Steven, LLC. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  42. ^ Steven, Daniel. "What is self-publishing". publishlawyer.com. Daniel N. Steven, LLC. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  43. ^ "Self-publishing vs vanity publishing. Confused?". www.writersandartists.co.uk. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  44. ^ Klems, Brian A. (11 August 2016). "What is Hybrid Publishing? Here Are 4 Things All Writers Should Know". Writer's Digest. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  45. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Publishing" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  46. ^ "Sample Publishing Contract". Indexbooks.net. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  47. ^ a b "Book Cost Analysis – Cost of Physical Book Publishing - Kindle Review – Kindle Phone Review, Kindle Fire HD Review". Kindle Review.
  48. ^ a b c d e Bureau of Labor Statistics (17 December 2009). "Career Guide to Industries, 2010–11 Edition: Publishing, Except Software". U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  49. ^ Wischenbart, Rüdiger (2012). Publishing Statistics (PDF). IPA Global.
  50. ^ a b Alter, Alexandra; Lee, Edmund (25 November 2020). "Penguin Random House to Buy Simon & Schuster". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  51. ^ Pfanner, Eric; Chozick, Amy (29 October 2012). "Random House and Penguin Merger Creates Global Giant". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  52. ^ Losowsky, Andrew (20 February 2013). "Indie Bookstores File Lawsuit Against Amazon". Huffington Post.
  53. ^ Shelagh Vainker in Anne Farrer (ed.), "Caves of the Thousand Buddhas", 1990, British Museum publications, ISBN 0-7141-1447-2.
  54. ^ Dwight Garner (20 May 2008). "Making Reading Easier – Paper Cuts Blog". NYTimes.com.
  55. ^ "Overview of the Technology- Awards, Cost Savings". Radhowyouwant.com. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  56. ^ Kanter, James (2 December 2008). "Reading Green On Demand". Green blogs, New York Times. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  57. ^ Rinzler, Alan (29 July 2010). "The Magic of Niche Marketing for Authors". Forbes. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  58. ^ International Organization for Standardization. "01.140.40: Publishing". Retrieved 14 July 2008.
  59. ^ International Organization for Standardization. "35.240.30: IT applications in information, documentation and publishing". Retrieved 14 July 2008.
  60. ^ a b WIPO. "Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works". Wipo.int. Archived from the original on 1 September 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  61. ^ a b "Microsoft Word – The Universal Copyright Convention _Geneva Text—September" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  62. ^ Winkler, David (11 July 2002). "Journalists Thrown 'Into the Buzzsaw'". CommonDreams.org. Archived from the original on 4 August 2007.
  63. ^ Sue Curry Jansen; Brian Martin (July 2003). "Making censorship backfire". Counterpoise. 7.

Full vertical style

The full vertical style can be implemented in a three-columns format (only practical when the number of parameters is not too extended) or in a four-columns format.

Three-columns format

The full vertical style in three columns consists of a "Vertical list", "Prerequisites" and "Brief instructions / notes". 

<!--
* Start with: 
-->
{{csdoc|usage vertical}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
<!--
* Create the vertical list column
* Separate the next column with:
-->
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical mid}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
<!--
* Create the prerequisites column; blank lines must include a <code>&nbsp;</code>
* Separate the next column with:
-->
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical mid}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
<!--
* Create the instructions column; blank lines must include a <code>&nbsp;</code>
* End with:
-->
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical end}}

Example: 

{{csdoc|usage vertical}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
{{cite book
| last                  =
| first                 =
| author-link           =
}}
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical mid}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
last
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical mid}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
&nbsp;
same as last1
same as first1
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical end}}
{{csdoc|usage vertical}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
{{cite book
| last                  =
| first                 =
| author-link           =
}}
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical mid}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
last
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical mid}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
&nbsp;
same as last1
same as first1
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
{{csdoc|usage vertical end}}

Four-columns format

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Full parameter set in vertical format
! Parameters !! Prerequisites !! Brief instructions / notes !! Vertical list
|-
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.)|last1}}
| 
| Author's last name or single name author. Don't link.
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top;" | <pre style="margin:0px; border:none;">
{{cite xxxxx 
 |last1                =
 |first1               =
 |author-link1         =
}}
</pre>
|-
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: first; given1; given; author-first1; author-first; (etc.)|first1}}
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.)|last1}}
| Author's first name. Don't link.
|-
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: author-link; subject-link1; subject-link; (etc.)|author-link1}}
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.)|last1}}
| Title of Wikipedia article about the first author. Don't link.
|}
Full parameter set in vertical format
Parameters Prerequisites Brief instructions / notes Vertical list
or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.) Author's last name or single name author. Don't link. 
{{cite xxxxx 
 |last1                =
 |first1               =
 |author-link1         =
 |last2                =
 |first2               =
 |author-link2         =
 |last3                =
 |first3               =
 |author-link3         =
 |last4                =
 |first4               =
 |author-link4         =
 |last5                =
 |first5               =
 |author-link5         =
 |name-list-style      =
 |vauthors             =
 |translator-last1     =
 |translator-first1    =
 |translator-link1     =
 |translator-last2     =
 |translator-first2    =
 |translator-link2     =
 |collaboration        =
 |contributor-last1    =
 |contributor-first1   =
 |contributor-link1    =
 |contributor-last2    =
 |contributor-first2   =
 |contributor-link2    =
 |others               =
 |editor-last1         =
 |editor-first1        =
 |editor-link1         =
 |editor-last2         =
 |editor-first2        =
 |editor-link2         =
 |editor-last3         =
 |editor-first3        =
 |editor-link3         =
 |veditors             =
 |title                =
 |script-title         =
 |trans-title          =
 |work                 =
 |script-work          =
 |trans-work           =
 |issue                =
 |department           =
 |chapter              =
 |script-chapter       =
 |trans-chapter        =
 |contribution         =
 |type                 =
 |edition              =
 |series               =
 |series-link          =
 |episode              =
 |event                =
 |agency               =
 |volume               =
 |date                 =
 |year                 =
 |orig-date            =
 |df                   =
 |publisher            =
 |___location             =
 |publication-place    =
 |via                  =
 |language             =
 |page                 =
 |pages                =
 |no-pp                =
 |at                   =
 |minutes              =
 |time                 =
 |time-caption         =
 |id                   =
 |arxiv                =
 |asin                 =
 |asin-tld             =
 |bibcode              =
 |biorxiv              =
 |citeseerx            =
 |doi                  =
 |doi-broken-date      =
 |eissn                =
 |hdl                  =
 |sbn                  =
 |isbn                 =
 |ismn                 =
 |issn                 =
 |jfm                  =
 |jstor                =
 |lccn                 =
 |mr                   =
 |oclc                 =
 |ol                   =
 |osti                 =
 |pmc                  =
 |embargo              =
 |pmid                 =
 |rfc                  =
 |ssrn                 =
 |zbl                  =
 |url                  =
 |format               =
 |archive-url          =
 |archive-format       =
 |url-status           =
 |archive-date         =
 |chapter-url          =
 |chapter-format       =
 |access-date          =
 |no-tracking          =
 |quote                =
 |ref                  =
 |mode                 =
 |author-mask1         =
 |author-mask2         =
 |author-mask3         =
 |author-mask4         =
 |author-mask5         =
 |display-authors      =
 |translator-mask1     =
 |translator-mask2     =
 |display-translators  =
 |contributor-mask1    =
 |contributor-mask2    =
 |display-contributors =
 |editor-mask1         =
 |editor-mask2         =
 |editor-mask3         =
 |display-editors      =
 |postscript           =
 |url-access           =
 |chapter-url-access   =
 |bibcode-access       =
 |doi-access           =
 |hdl-access           =
 |jstor-access         =
 |ol-access            =
 |osti-access          =
 |map                  =
 |script-map           =
 |trans-map            =
 |map-url              =
 |map-format           =
 |map-url-access       =
 |scale                =
 |cartography          =
 |inset                =
 |sections             =
 |interviewer-last1    =
 |interviewer-first1   =
 |interviewer-link1    =
 |interviewer-last2    =
 |interviewer-first2   =
 |interviewer-link2    =
 |interviewer-mask1    =
 |interviewer-mask2    =
 |display-interviewers =
 |season               =
 |series-number        =
 |series-separator     =
 |network              =
 |station              =
 |transcript           =
 |transcript-url       =
 |transcript-format    =
 |conference           =
 |conference-url       =
 |conference-format    =
}}
or any of its aliases, including: first; given1; given; author-first1; author-first; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.) Author's first name. Don't link.
or any of its aliases, including: author-link; author1-link; subject-link1; subject-link; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.) Title of Wikipedia article about the first author. Don't link.
or any of its aliases, including: author2; author-last2; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.) Like last1, but for 2nd author.
or any of its aliases, including: given2; author-first2; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author2; author-last2; (etc.) Like first1, but for 2nd author.
or any of its aliases, including: author2-link; subject-link2; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author2; author-last2; (etc.) Like author-link1, but for 2nd author.
or any of its aliases, including: author3; author-last3; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author2; author-last2; (etc.) Like last1, but for 3rd author.
or any of its aliases, including: given3; author-first3; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author3; author-last3; (etc.) Like first1, but for 3rd author.
or any of its aliases, including: author3-link; subject-link3; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author3; author-last3; (etc.) Like author-link1, but for 3rd author.
or any of its aliases, including: author4; author-last4; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author3; author-last3; (etc.) Like last1, but for 4th author.
or any of its aliases, including: given4; author-first4; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author4; author-last4; (etc.) Like first1, but for 4th author.
or any of its aliases, including: author4-link; subject-link4; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author4; author-last4; (etc.) Like author-link1, but for 4th author.
or any of its aliases, including: author5; author-last5; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author4; author-last4; (etc.) Like last1, but for 5th author. Similar: last6, etc.
or any of its aliases, including: given5; author-first5; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author5; author-last5; (etc.) Like first1, but for 5th author. Similar: first6, etc.
or any of its aliases, including: author5-link; subject-link5; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author5; author-last5; (etc.) Like author-link1, but for 5th author. Similar: author-link6, etc.
name-list-style vanc to emulate Vancouver style
vauthors
translator-last1
translator-first1 translator-last1
translator-link1 translator-last1
translator-last2 translator-last1 Additional translators: translator-last3, etc.
translator-first2 translator-last2
translator-link2 translator-last2
collaboration
contributor-last1
contributor-first1
contributor-link1
contributor-last2
contributor-first2
contributor-link2
others
editor-last1
editor-first1 editor-last1
editor-link1 editor-last1
editor-last2 editor-last1
editor-first2 editor-last2
editor-link2 editor-last2
editor-last3 editor-last2
editor-first3 editor-last3
editor-link3 editor-last3
veditors
title
script-title
trans-title title or script-title
work
script-work
trans-work work or script-work
issue
department
chapter Chapter title can be wikilinked unless when a chapter-url is given
script-chapter
trans-chapter chapter or script-chapter
contribution
type
edition Ordinal number
series
series-link
episode
event
agency
volume
date
year
orig-date date or year
df
publisher
___location publisher
publication-place
via
language
page choose one: "page", "pages", or "at"
pages choose one: "page", "pages", or "at". Use when content on multiple pages supports the article text.
no-pp page or pages set no-pp to "yes" to suppress the "p." or "pp." before page numbers
at choose one: "page", "pages", or "at"
minutes
time
time-caption
id
arxiv
asin
asin-tld
bibcode
biorxiv
citeseerx
doi
doi-broken-date doi
eissn
hdl
sbn
isbn always include ISBN, if one has been assigned
ismn
issn
jfm
jstor
lccn
mr
oclc
ol
osti
pmc
embargo
pmid
rfc
ssrn
zbl
url title or script-title
format url
archive-url archive-date, url
archive-format
url-status archive-url
archive-date archive-url
chapter-url chapter or script-chapter
chapter-format chapter-url
access-date url
no-tracking
quote
ref
mode cs1 or cs2
author-mask1 last1
author-mask2 last2
author-mask3 last3
author-mask4 last4
author-mask5 last5
or alias displayauthors or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.) number (number of authors displayed) or etal (more authors)
translator-mask1 translator-last1
translator-mask2 translator-last2
display-translators
contributor-mask1
contributor-mask2
display-contributors
editor-mask1 editor-last1
editor-mask2 editor-last2
editor-mask3 editor-last3
display-editors
postscript
url-access
chapter-url-access
bibcode-access
doi-access
hdl-access
jstor-access
ol-access
osti-access
map
script-map
trans-map
map-url
map-format
map-url-access
scale
cartography
inset
sections
interviewer-last1
interviewer-first1
interviewer-link1
interviewer-last2
interviewer-first2
interviewer-link2
interviewer-mask1
interviewer-mask2
display-interviewers
season
series-number
series-separator
network
station
transcript
transcript-url
transcript-format
conference
conference-url
conference-format
If a field name is listed in the Prerequisites column it is a prerequisite for the field to the left.
Additional parameters (available for at least some cite templates)
|authors=
|book-title=
|class=
|degree=
|docket=
|encyclopedia=
|mailing-list=
|message-id=
|number=
|publication-date=
|section=
|sheet=
|sheets=
|title-link=
(available from late April 2020) |s2cid=



Full parameter set in horizontal format
{{cite xxxxx |last1= |first1= |author-link1= |last2= |first2= |author-link2= |last3= |first3= |author-link3= |last4= |first4= |author-link4= |last5= |first5= |author-link5= |name-list-style= |vauthors= |translator-last1= |translator-first1= |translator-link1= |translator-last2= |translator-first2= |translator-link2= |collaboration= |contributor-last1= |contributor-first1= |contributor-link1= |contributor-last2= |contributor-first2= |contributor-link2= |others= |editor-last1= |editor-first1= |editor-link1= |editor-last2= |editor-first2= |editor-link2= |editor-last3= |editor-first3= |editor-link3= |veditors= |title= |script-title= |trans-title= |work= |script-work= |trans-work= |issue= |department= |chapter= |script-chapter= |trans-chapter= |contribution= |type= |edition= |series= |series-link= |episode= |event= |agency= |volume= |date= |year= |orig-date= |df= |publisher= |___location= |publication-place= |via= |language= |page= |pages= |no-pp= |at= |minutes= |time= |time-caption= |id= |arxiv= |asin= |asin-tld= |bibcode= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi= |doi-broken-date= |eissn= |hdl= |sbn= |isbn= |ismn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |embargo= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |url= |format= |archive-url= |archive-format= |url-status= |archive-date= |chapter-url= |chapter-format= |access-date= |no-tracking= |quote= |ref= |mode= |author-mask1= |author-mask2= |author-mask3= |author-mask4= |author-mask5= |display-authors= |translator-mask1= |translator-mask2= |display-translators= |contributor-mask1= |contributor-mask2= |display-contributors= |editor-mask1= |editor-mask2= |editor-mask3= |display-editors= |postscript= |url-access= |chapter-url-access= |bibcode-access= |doi-access= |hdl-access= |jstor-access= |ol-access= |osti-access= |map= |script-map= |trans-map= |map-url= |map-format= |map-url-access= |scale= |cartography= |inset= |sections= |interviewer-last1= |interviewer-first1= |interviewer-link1= |interviewer-last2= |interviewer-first2= |interviewer-link2= |interviewer-mask1= |interviewer-mask2= |display-interviewers= |season= |series-number= |series-separator= |network= |station= |transcript= |transcript-url= |transcript-format= |conference= |conference-url= |conference-format=}}

Full parameter set in horizontal format Template:Cite xxxxx The above set is organised contextually rather than alphabetically. The following parameters, which are usually available for at least a few cite templates, are not included in the full parameter set above: |authors=; |book-title=; |class=; |degree=; |docket=; |encyclopedia=; |mailing-list=; |message-id=; |number=; |publication-date=; |section=; |sheet=; |sheets=; |title-link=; |s2cid=.







Usage

  • This user box is designed to allow you to identify your user name on a different-language Wikipedia.
  • Put this Userbox on your userpage like thisLanguage code|User name}}



Features

Name Code review Bug tracking Web hosting Wiki Translation system Shell server Mailing list Forum Personal repository Private repository Announce Build system Team Release binaries Self-hosting
Assembla Yes[1] Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes[2] Yes Yes Yes Un­known No
Azure DevOps Services Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Commercially (Azure DevOps Server)
Bitbucket Yes[3] Yes[a] Yes[4] Yes No No No No Yes Yes[b] No Yes[5] Yes No[6] Commercially (Bitbucket Server formerly Stash)[c]
Buddy Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes[d] Yes Yes Yes
CloudForge Un­known Yes Yes Yes No No No No Un­known Un­known Un­known Un­known Un­known Un­known No
GForge Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Gitea Yes Yes No Yes No No No No Yes Yes Un­known 3rd-party (e.g. Travis CI, Appveyor and others)[7] Yes Yes Yes
GitHub Yes[8] Yes[9][e] Yes[10] Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes[11] Yes Yes Commercially (GitHub Enterprise)
GitLab Yes[12] Yes Yes[13] Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes[14] Yes Yes[15] Yes[f]
GNU Savannah Yes[16] Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No[17] No No Yes No Yes Un­known Yes
Helix TeamHub Yes[18] Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes, with hooks. Jenkins, TeamCity, etc. No Yes Yes
Kallithea Yes No Yes No No Un­known No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes
Launchpad Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes[g] Yes Yes[h] Yes Un­known Yes
OSDN Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No
Ourproject.org Un­known Yes Yes Yes No Un­known Yes Yes Un­known Un­known Un­known Un­known Un­known Un­known Yes
Phabricator Yes Yes Yes Yes Un­known Yes Un­known Yes Un­known Un­known Un­known Un­known Un­known Un­known Yes
RhodeCode Yes No Yes No No Un­known No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes
SourceForge Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes[i] Yes No Yes Yes Yes
Name Code review Bug tracking Web hosting Wiki Translation system Shell server Mailing list Forum Personal repository Private repository Announce Build system Team Release binaries Self-hosting

Version control systems

Name CVS Git Hg SVN BZR TFVC Arch Perforce Fossil
Assembla No Yes No Yes No No No Yes No
Azure DevOps Services No Yes No No No Yes No No No
Bitbucket No Yes Until Feb 2020[c] No No No No No No
Buddy No Yes No No No No No No No
CloudForge No Yes No Yes No No No No No
GForge Yes Yes No Yes No No No No No
Gitea No Yes No No No No No No No
GitHub No Yes No Partial[19] No No No No No
GitLab No Yes No No No No No No No
GNU Savannah Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes[20] No Yes No No
Kallithea No Yes Yes No No No No No No
Launchpad Import only Yes[21][22] Import only[23] Import only Yes No No No Un­known
OSDN Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Un­known Un­known
Ourproject.org Yes No No Yes No No No Un­known Un­known
OW2 Dropped[24] Yes No Dropped[24] No No No No No
Helix TeamHub No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No
Phabricator No Yes Yes Yes No No No No No
RhodeCode No Yes Yes Yes No No No No No
SEUL.org Yes No No Yes No No No Un­known Un­known
SourceForge Dropped[25] Yes Yes Yes Dropped[26] No No Un­known No[27]
Name CVS Git Hg SVN BZR TFVC Arch Perforce Fossil

Popularity

Name Users Projects
Assembla Un­known 526,581+[28]
Bitbucket 5,000,000[29] Un­known
Buddy Un­known Un­known
CloudForge Un­known Un­known
Gitea Un­known Un­known
GitHub 65,000,000[30] 200,000,000[30]
GitLab 31,190,000[31] 546,000[32][j]
GNU Savannah 93,346[33] 3,848[33]
Launchpad 3,965,288[34] 40,881[35]
OSDN 54,826[36] 6,294[36]
Ourproject.org 6,353[37] 1,846[37]
OW2 Un­known Un­known
SEUL Un­known Un­known
SourceForge 3,700,000[38] 500,000[38]
Name Users Projects

Discontinued: CodePlex, Gna!, Google Code.

Specialized hosting facilities

The following are open-source software hosting facilities that only serve a specific narrowly focused community or technology.

Name Ad-free CVS Git SVN Arch Notes
Drupal Yes No Yes No No Only for Drupal related projects.
freedesktop.org Yes No Yes No No Only for interoperability and shared base technology for free software desktop environments on Linux and other Unix-like operating systems, including the X Window System (X11) and cairo (graphics).
mozdev.org Yes Yes Un­known No No Only for Mozilla-related projects.
Name Ad-free CVS Git SVN Arch Notes

Former hosting facilities

  • Alioth (Debian) – In 2018, Alioth has been replaced by a GitLab based solution hosted on salsa.debian.org. Alioth has been finally switched off in June 2018.
  • BerliOS – abandoned in April 2014[39]
  • Betavine – abandoned somewhere in 2015.
  • CodeHaus – shut down in May 2015[40]
  • CodePlex – shut down in December 2017.
  • Fedora Hosted – closed in March 2017[41]
  • Gitorious – shut down in June 2015.
  • Gna! – shut down in 2017.
  • Google Code – closed in January 2016, all projects archived. See http://code.google.com/archive/.
  • java.net – Java.net and kenai.com hosting closed April 2017.
  • Tigris.org – shut down in July 2020.[42]


Usage

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June 2022

  Hello. This is a message to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions, such as the edit(s) you made to Publishing, did not appear to be constructive and have been reverted. Please take some time to familiarise yourself with our policies and guidelines. You can find information about these at our welcome page which also provides further information about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. If you only meant to make test edits, please use your sandbox for that. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you may leave a message on my talk page. Thank you. Fieryninja (talk) 07:03, 1 June 2022 (UTC)

  Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Electronic publishing. Your edits appear to be disruptive and have been or will be reverted.

Please ensure you are familiar with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines, and please do not continue to make edits that appear disruptive. Continued disruptive editing may result in loss of editing privileges. Thank you. Fieryninja (talk) 07:10, 1 June 2022 (UTC)


Former hosting facilities

  • Alioth (Debian) – In 2018, Alioth has been replaced by a GitLab based solution hosted on salsa.debian.org. Alioth has been finally switched off in June 2018.
  • BerliOS – abandoned in April 2014[43]
  • Betavine – abandoned somewhere in 2015.
  • CodeHaus – shut down in May 2015[44]
  • CodePlex – shut down in December 2017.
  • Fedora Hosted – closed in March 2017[45]
  • Gitorious – shut down in June 2015.
  • Gna! – shut down in 2017.
  • Google Code – closed in January 2016, all projects archived. See http://code.google.com/archive/.
  • java.net – Java.net and kenai.com hosting closed April 2017.
  • Tigris.org – shut down in July 2020.[46]


June 2022

  Hello. This is a message to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions, such as the edit(s) you made to Publishing, did not appear to be constructive and have been reverted. Please take some time to familiarise yourself with our policies and guidelines. You can find information about these at our welcome page which also provides further information about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. If you only meant to make test edits, please use your sandbox for that. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you may leave a message on my talk page. Thank you. Fieryninja (talk) 07:03, 1 June 2022 (UTC)

  Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Electronic publishing. Your edits appear to be disruptive and have been or will be reverted.

Please ensure you are familiar with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines, and please do not continue to make edits that appear disruptive. Continued disruptive editing may result in loss of editing privileges. Thank you. Fieryninja (talk) 07:10, 1 June 2022 (UTC)


Former hosting facilities

  • Alioth (Debian) – In 2018, Alioth has been replaced by a GitLab based solution hosted on salsa.debian.org. Alioth has been finally switched off in June 2018.
  • BerliOS – abandoned in April 2014[47]
  • Betavine – abandoned somewhere in 2015.
  • CodeHaus – shut down in May 2015[48]
  • CodePlex – shut down in December 2017.
  • Fedora Hosted – closed in March 2017[49]
  • Gitorious – shut down in June 2015.
  • Gna! – shut down in 2017.
  • Google Code – closed in January 2016, all projects archived. See http://code.google.com/archive/.
  • java.net – Java.net and kenai.com hosting closed April 2017.
  • Tigris.org – shut down in July 2020.[50]


Usage

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  • Put this Userbox on your userpage like thisLanguage code|User name}}




June 2022

  Hello. This is a message to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions, such as the edit(s) you made to Publishing, did not appear to be constructive and have been reverted. Please take some time to familiarise yourself with our policies and guidelines. You can find information about these at our welcome page which also provides further information about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. If you only meant to make test edits, please use your sandbox for that. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you may leave a message on my talk page. Thank you. Fieryninja (talk) 07:03, 1 June 2022 (UTC)

  Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Electronic publishing. Your edits appear to be disruptive and have been or will be reverted.

Please ensure you are familiar with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines, and please do not continue to make edits that appear disruptive. Continued disruptive editing may result in loss of editing privileges. Thank you. Fieryninja (talk) 07:10, 1 June 2022 (UTC)


Usage

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Hello. I recently linked two neighborhoods, which are listed in the Danbury, Connecticut infobox. You have since reverted these links despite the neighborhoods having their own articles. Can you please explain the logic behind this revert? Thank you. CLJ (talk). 21:53, 14 March 2022 (UTC)

I reverted because your edits broke the diagram at "Places adjacent to Danbury, Connecticut" (look at how it renders after your edits compared to the reverted version). I have no objection to the other edits, as long as they do not break anything. – Jonesey95 (talk) 22:51, 14 March 2022 (UTC)


Electronic publishing

The first digitization projects were transferring physical content into digital content. Electronic publishing is aiming to integrate the whole process of editing and publishing (production, layout, publication) in the digital world.

Alain Mille, in the book Pratiques de l'édition numérique (edited by Michael E. Sinatra and Marcello Vitali-Rosati),[51] says that the beginnings of Internet and the Web are the very core of electronic publishing, since they pretty much determined the biggest changes in the production and diffusion patterns. Internet has a direct effect on the publishing questions, letting creators and users go further in the traditional process (writer-editor-publishing house).[52]

The traditional publishing, and especially the creation part, were first revolutionized by new desktop publishing softwares appearing in the 1980s, and by the text databases created for the encyclopedias and directories. At the same time the multimedia was developing quickly, combining book, audiovisual and computer science characteristics. CDs and DVDs appear, permitting the visualization of these dictionaries and encyclopedias on computers.[53]

The arrival and democratization of Internet is slowly giving small publishing houses the opportunity to publish their books directly online. Some websites, like Amazon, let their users buy eBooks; Internet users can also find many educative platforms (free or not), encyclopedic websites like Wikipedia, and even digital magazines platforms. The eBook then becomes more and more accessible through many different supports, like the e-reader and even smartphones. The digital book had, and still has, an important impact on publishing houses and their economical models; it is still a moving ___domain, and they yet have to master the new ways of publishing in a digital era.[54]


History

Digitization

The first digitization initiative was in 1971 by Michael S. Hart, a student at the University of Illinois at Chicago, who launched Project Gutenberg,[55] designed to make literature more accessible to everyone, through the internet. It took a while to develop, and in 1989 there were only 10 texts that were manually recopied on computer by Michael S. Hart himself and some volunteers. But with the appearance of the Web 1.0 in 1991 and its ability to connect documents together through static pages, the project moved quickly forward. Many more volunteers helped in developing the project by giving access to public ___domain classics.[56]

In the 1970s, the French National Centre for Scientific Research digitized a thousand books from diverse subjects, mostly literature but also philosophy and science, dating back to the 12th century to present times, so as to build the foundations of a large dictionary, the Trésor de la langue française au Québec. This foundation of e-texts, named Frantext, was published on a compact disc under the brand name Discotext, and then on the worldwide web in 1998.[57]

Mass-scale digitization

In 1974, American inventor and futurist Raymond Kurzweil developed a scanner which was equipped with an Omnifont software that enabled optical character recognition for numeric inputs.[clarification needed] The digitization projects could then be more ambitious since the time needed for digitization decreased considerably, and digital libraries were on the rise. All over the world, e-libraries started to emerge.[citation needed]

The ABU (Association des Bibliophiles Universels), was a public digital library project created by the Cnam in 1993. It was the first French digital library in the network; suspended since 2002, they reproduced over a hundred texts that are still available.[58]

In 1992, the Bibliothèque nationale de France launched a vast digitization program. The president François Mitterrand had wanted since 1988 to create a new and innovative digital library, and it was published in 1997 under the name of Gallica.[59] In 2014, the digital library was offering 80 255 online books and over a million documents, including prints and manuscripts.[60]

In 2003, Wikisource was launched, and the project aspired to constitute a digital and multilingual library that would be a complement to the Wikipedia project. It was originally named "Project Sourceberg", as a word play to remind the Project Gutenberg.[61] Supported by the Wikimedia Foundation, Wikisource proposes digitized texts that have been verified by volunteers.[62]

In December 2004, Google created Google Books, a project to digitize all the books available in the world (over 130 million books) to make them accessible online.[63] 10 years later, 25 000 000 books, from a hundred countries and in 400 languages, are on the platform. This was possible because by that time, robotic scanners could digitize around 6 000 books per hour.[64]

In 2008, the prototype of Europeana was launched; and by 2010, the project had been giving access to over 10 million digital objects. The Europeana library is a European catalog that offers index cards on millions of digital objects and links to their digital libraries.[65] In the same year, HathiTrust was created to put together the contents of many university e-libraries from USA and Europe, as well as Google Books and Internet Archive. In 2016, over six millions of users had been using HathiTrust.[66]

Electronic publishing

The first digitization projects were transferring physical content into digital content. Electronic publishing is aiming to integrate the whole process of editing and publishing (production, layout, publication) in the digital world.

Alain Mille, in the book Pratiques de l'édition numérique (edited by Michael E. Sinatra and Marcello Vitali-Rosati),[67] says that the beginnings of Internet and the Web are the very core of electronic publishing, since they pretty much determined the biggest changes in the production and diffusion patterns. Internet has a direct effect on the publishing questions, letting creators and users go further in the traditional process (writer-editor-publishing house).[68]

The traditional publishing, and especially the creation part, were first revolutionized by new desktop publishing softwares appearing in the 1980s, and by the text databases created for the encyclopedias and directories. At the same time the multimedia was developing quickly, combining book, audiovisual and computer science characteristics. CDs and DVDs appear, permitting the visualization of these dictionaries and encyclopedias on computers.[69]

The arrival and democratization of Internet is slowly giving small publishing houses the opportunity to publish their books directly online. Some websites, like Amazon, let their users buy eBooks; Internet users can also find many educative platforms (free or not), encyclopedic websites like Wikipedia, and even digital magazines platforms. The eBook then becomes more and more accessible through many different supports, like the e-reader and even smartphones. The digital book had, and still has, an important impact on publishing houses and their economical models; it is still a moving ___domain, and they yet have to master the new ways of publishing in a digital era.[70]

Online edition

Based on new communications practices of the web 2.0 and the new architecture of participation, online edition opens the door to a collaboration of a community to elaborate and improve contents on Internet, while also enriching reading through collective reading practices. The web 2.0 not only links documents together, as did the web 1.0, it also links people together through social media: that's why it's called the Participative (or participatory) Web.[71]

Many tools were put in place to foster sharing and creative collective contents. One of the many is the Wikipedia encyclopedia, since it is edited, corrected and enhanced by millions of contributors. Open Street Map is also based on the same principle. Blogs and comment systems are also now renown as online edition and publishing, since it is possible through new interactions between the author and its readers, and can be an important method for inspiration but also for visibility.[72]


"Publisher" redirects here. For other uses, see Publisher (disambiguation).

 
Printer working an early Gutenberg letterpress from the 15th century. (1877 engraving)

Publishing is the activity of making information, literature, music, software and other content available to the public for sale or for free.[73] Traditionally, the term refers to the creation and distribution of printed works, such as books, newspapers, and magazines. With the advent of digital information systems, the scope has expanded to include electronic publishing such as ebooks, academic journals, micropublishing, websites, blogs, video game publishing, and the like.

Publishing may produce private, club, commons or public goods and may be conducted as a commercial, public, social or community activity.[74] The commercial publishing industry ranges from large multinational conglomerates such as Bertelsmann, RELX, Pearson and Thomson Reuters[75] to thousands of small independents. It has various divisions such as trade/retail publishing of fiction and non-fiction, educational publishing (k-12) and academic and scientific publishing.[76] Publishing is also undertaken by governments, civil society and private companies for administrative or compliance requirements, business, research, advocacy or public interest objectives.[77] This can include annual reports, research reports, market research, policy briefings and technical reports. Self-publishing has become very common.

"Publisher" can refer to a publishing company or organization, or to an individual who leads a publishing company, imprint, periodical or newspaper.

Publishing in law

Publication is important as a legal concept:

  1. As the process of giving formal notice to the world of a significant intention, for example, to marry or enter bankruptcy
  2. As the essential precondition of being able to claim defamation; that is, the alleged libel must have been published
  3. For copyright purposes, where there is a difference in the protection of published and unpublished works

History

Publishing became possible with the invention of writing, and became more practical upon the introduction of printing. Prior to printing, distributed works were copied manually, by scribes. Due to printing, publishing progressed hand-in-hand with the development of books.

The Chinese inventor Bi Sheng made movable type of earthenware circa 1045, but there are no known surviving examples of his work. The Korean civil servant Choe Yun-ui, who lived during the Goryeo Dynasty, invented the first metal moveable type in 1234-1250 AD [78]

Around 1450, in what is commonly regarded as an independent invention, Johannes Gutenberg invented movable type in Europe, along with innovations in casting the type based on a matrix and hand mould. This invention gradually made books less expensive to produce and more widely available.

Early printed books, single sheets and images which were created before 1501 in Europe are known as incunables or incunabula. "A man born in 1453, the year of the fall of Constantinople, could look back from his fiftieth year on a lifetime in which about eight million books had been printed, more perhaps than all the scribes of Europe had produced since Constantine founded his city in A.D. 330."[79]

Eventually, printing enabled other forms of publishing besides books. The history of modern newspaper publishing started in Germany in 1609, with publishing of magazines following in 1663.

Missionaries brought printing presses to sub-Saharan Africa in the mid-18th century.[80]

Historically, publishing has been handled by publishers, although some authors self-published.[81] The establishment of the World Wide Web in 1989 soon propelled the website into a dominant medium of publishing. Wikis and Blogs soon developed, followed by online books, online newspapers, and online magazines.

Since its start, the World Wide Web has been facilitating the technological convergence of commercial and self-published content, as well as the convergence of publishing and producing into online production through the development of multimedia content.

A U.S. based study in 2016 that surveyed 34 publishers found that the publishing industry in the US in general is overwhelmingly represented by straight, able bodied, white females.[82] Salon described the situation as "lack of diversity behind the scenes in book world".[83] A survey in 2020 by the same group found there has been no statistical significant change in the lack of diversity since the 2016 survey four years earlier.[84] Lack of diversity in the American publishing industry has been an issue for years. Within the industry, there was the least amount of diversity in higher level editorial positions.[85]

See also: List of women printers and publishers before 1800
See also: History of printing in East Asia

The traditional process of publishing

Book publishers buy or commission copy from independent authors; newspaper publishers, by contrast, usually hire staff to produce copy, although they may also employ freelance journalists, called stringers. Magazines may employ either strategy or a mixture.

Traditional book publishers are selective about what they publish. They do not accept manuscripts direct from authors. Authors must first submit a query letter or proposal, either to a literary agent or direct to the publisher. depending on the publisher's submission guidelines.[86] If the publisher does accept unsolicited manuscripts, then the manuscript is placed in the slush pile, which publisher's readers sift through to identify manuscripts worthy of publication. The acquisitions editors review these and if they agree, send them to the editorial staff. Larger companies have more levels of assessment between submission and publication than smaller companies. Unsolicited submissions have a very low rate of acceptance, with some estimates as low as 3 out of every 10,000 being accepted.[87]

Stages of publishing

The publishing process includes creation, acquisition, copy editing, production, printing (and its electronic equivalents), marketing, and distribution.

Although listed as distinct stages, parts of these occur concurrently. As editing of text progresses, front cover design and initial layout takes place, and sales and marketing of the book begins.

The publisher may subcontract various aspects of this process to specialist companies and/or freelancers.[88][89]

Binding

Main article: Bookbinding

In the case of books, binding follows upon the printing process. It involves folding the printed sheets, "securing them together, affixing boards or sides to it, and covering the whole with leather or other materials".[90]

Types of publishers

 
Eslite Bookstore in Taiwan.

There are four major types of publishers in book publishing:

  • Commercial publishers are more rigid and selective as to which books they publish. If accepted, authors pay no costs to publish in exchange for selling rights to their work. They receive in-house editing, design, printing, marketing and distribution services, and are paid royalties on sales.[91]
  • Self-publishers: Authors use self-publishing houses to publish their books and retain full rights to their works. Self-publishing houses are more open than traditional publishing houses, allowing emerging and established authors to publish their work. A number of modern or self-publishing houses offer enhanced services (e.g. editing, design) and authors may choose which one to use. Authors shoulder pre-publishing expenses and in return retain all the rights to their works, keep total control, and are paid royalties on sales.[92]
  • Vanity presses portray themselves as traditional publishers but are, in fact, just a self-publishing service. Unlike genuine self-publishing services, the author is often obliged to use some or all of their additional services, and the press will often take rights to the work as part of their contract.[93]
  • Hybrid publishers operate with a different revenue model than traditional publishing, while keeping the rest of the practices of publishing the same. There have been attempts to bridge this gap using hybrid models. No one model has been fully proven at this stage.[94]

Derided in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica as "a purely commercial affair" that cared more about profits than about literary quality,[95] publishing is like any business, with a need for the expenses not to exceed the income. Publishing is now a major industry with the largest companies Reed Elsevier and Pearson PLC having global publishing operations.

Some businesses maximize their profit margins through vertical integration; book publishing is not one of them. Although newspaper and magazine companies still often own printing presses and binderies, book publishers rarely do. Similarly, the trade usually sells the finished products through a distributor who stores and distributes the publisher's wares for a percentage fee or sells on a sale or return basis.

The advent of the Internet has provided the electronic way of book distribution without the need of physical printing, physical delivery and storage of books. This, therefore, poses an interesting question that challenges publishers, distributors, and retailers. The question pertains to the role and importance the publishing houses have in the overall publishing process. It is a common practice that the author, the original creator of the work, signs the contract awarding him or her only around 10% of the proceeds of the book.[96] Such contract leaves 90% of the book proceeds to the publishing houses, distribution companies, marketers, and retailers. One example (rearranged) of the distribution of proceeds from the sale of a book was given as follows:[97]

  • 45% to the retailer
  • 10% to the wholesaler
  • 10.125% to the publisher for printing (this is usually subcontracted out)
  • 7.15% to the publisher for marketing
  • 12.7% to the publisher for pre-production
  • 15% to the author (royalties)

Within the electronic book path, the publishing house's role remains almost identical. The process of preparing a book for e-book publication is exactly the same as print publication, with only minor variations in the process to account for the different mediums of publishing. While some costs, such as the discount given to retailers (normally around 45%)[97] are eliminated, additional costs connected to ebooks apply (especially in the conversion process), raising the production costs to a similar level.[citation needed]

Print on demand is rapidly becoming an established alternative to traditional publishing.

Book clubs are almost entirely direct-to-retail, and niche publishers pursue a mixed strategy to sell through all available outlets — their output is insignificant to the major booksellers, so lost revenue poses no threat to the traditional symbiotic relationships between the four activities of printing, publishing, distribution, and retail.

Industry sub-divisions

Newspaper publishing

Main article: Newspaper

Newspapers are regularly scheduled publications that present recent news, typically on a type of inexpensive paper called newsprint. Most newspapers are primarily sold to subscribers, through retail newsstands or are distributed as advertising-supported free newspapers. About one-third of publishers in the United States are newspaper publishers.[98]

Periodical publishing

Main article: Periodical publication

Nominally, periodical publishing involves publications that appear in a new edition on a regular schedule. Newspapers and magazines are both periodicals, but within the industry, the periodical publishing is frequently considered a separate branch that includes magazines and even academic journals, but not newspapers.[98] About one-third of publishers in the United States publish periodicals (not including newspapers).[98] The library and information science communities often refer to periodicals as serials.

Book publishing

See also: History of books
"Book publishing company" redirects here. For the publisher named Book Publishing Company, see The Farm (Tennessee).
 
Facade of Otava's publishing office in Helsinki, Finland

The global book publishing industry accounts for over $100 billion of annual revenue, or about 15% of the total media industry.[99]

For-profit publishers of books that serve the general public are often referred to as "trade publishers." Book publishers represent less than a sixth of the publishers in the United States.[98] Most books are published by a small number of very large book publishers, but thousands of smaller book publishers exist. Many small- and medium-sized book publishers specialize in a specific area. Additionally, thousands of authors have created publishing companies and self-published their own works. Within the book publishing, the publisher of record for a book is the entity in whose name the book's ISBN is registered. The publisher of record may or may not be the actual publisher.

In 2013, Penguin (owned by Pearson) and Random House (owned by Bertelsmann) merged, narrowing the industry to a handful of big publishers as it adapted to digital media.[100] The merger created the largest consumer book publisher in the world, with a global market share of more than 25 percent.[101] Approximately 60%[102] of English-language books are produced through the "Big Five" publishing houses: Penguin Random House, Hachette, HarperCollins, Simon & Schuster, and Macmillan. In November 2020, ViacomCBS agreed to sell Simon & Schuster, the third largest book publisher in the United States, to Penguin Random House in a deal that will create the first megapublisher.[100]

Leadstart, Shristi Publisher, Rupa Publications, and Jaico Publishing House are major publishers in India.[citation needed]

Directory publishing

Directory publishing is a specialized genre within the publishing industry. These publishers produce mailing lists, telephone books, and other types of directories.[98] With the advent of the Internet, many of these directories are now online.

Tie-in publishing

Main article: Tie-in

Technically, radio, television, cinemas, VCDs and DVDs, music systems, games, computer hardware and mobile telephony publish information to their audiences. Indeed, the marketing of a major film often includes a novelization, a graphic novel or comic version, the soundtrack album, a game, model, toys and endless promotional publications.

Some of the major publishers have entire divisions devoted to a single franchise, e.g. Ballantine Del Rey Lucasbooks has the exclusive rights to Star Wars in the United States; Random House UK (Bertelsmann)/Century LucasBooks holds the same rights in the United Kingdom. The game industry self-publishes through BL Publishing/Black Library (Warhammer) and Wizards of the Coast (Dragonlance, Forgotten Realms, etc.). The BBC has its publishing division that does very well with long-running series such as Doctor Who. These multimedia works are cross-marketed aggressively and sales frequently outperform the average stand-alone published work, making them a focus of corporate interest.[103]

Recent developments

Accessible publishing uses the digitization of books to mark up books into XML and then produces multiple formats from this to sell to customers, often targeting those with difficulty reading. Formats include a variety larger print sizes, specialized print formats for dyslexia,[104] eye tracking problems and macular degeneration, as well as Braille, DAISY, audiobooks and e-books.[105]

Green publishing means adapting the publishing process to minimise environmental impact. One example of this is the concept of on-demand printing, using digital or print-on-demand technology. This cuts down the need to ship books since they are manufactured close to the customer on a just-in-time basis.[106]

A further development is the growth of on-line publishing where no physical books are produced. The ebook is created by the author and uploaded to a website from where it can be downloaded and read by anyone.

An increasing number of authors are using niche marketing online to sell more books by engaging with their readers online.[107]

Standardization

Refer to the ISO divisions of ICS 01.140.40 and 35.240.30 for further information.[108][109]

 
World Intellectual Property Organization, Geneva
Main article: Publication

Publication is the distribution of copies or content to the public.[110][111] The Berne Convention requires that this can only be done with the consent of the copyright holder, which is initially always the author.[110] In the Universal Copyright Convention, "publication" is defined in article VI as "the reproduction in tangible form and the general distribution to the public of copies of a work from which it can be read or otherwise visually perceived."[111]

Privishing

Privishing (private publishing, but not to be confused with self-publishing) is a modern term for publishing a book but printing so few copies or with such lack of marketing, advertising or sales support that it effectively does not reach the public.[112] The book, while nominally published, is almost impossible to obtain through normal channels such as bookshops, often cannot be ordered specially, and has a notable lack of support from its publisher, including refusal to reprint the title. A book that is privished may be referred to as "killed". Depending on the motivation, privishing may constitute breach of contract, censorship,[113] or good business practice (e.g., not printing more books than the publisher believes will sell in a reasonable length of time).

See also

General:

Publishing on specific contexts:

Publishing tools:

References

  1. ^ Andy Singleton (27 March 2012). "Announcing Advanced Merge Requests for Git". Blog.assembla.com. Archived from the original on 21 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  2. ^ "Get Started for Free in 60 Seconds | Assembla Plans". Assembla.com. Archived from the original on 13 July 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  3. ^ — Using Mercurial Queues And Bitbucket.org Archived 28 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine
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  74. ^ Hess, Charlotte; Ostrom, Elinor, eds. (2011). Understanding knowledge as a commons : from theory to practice. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-51603-7. OCLC 709863190.
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Full vertical style

The full vertical style can be implemented in a three-columns format (only practical when the number of parameters is not too extended) or in a four-columns format.

Three-columns format

The full vertical style in three columns consists of a "Vertical list", "Prerequisites" and "Brief instructions / notes". 

<!--
* Start with: 
-->
{{csdoc|usage vertical}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
<!--
* Create the vertical list column
* Separate the next column with:
-->
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical mid}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
<!--
* Create the prerequisites column; blank lines must include a <code>&nbsp;</code>
* Separate the next column with:
-->
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical mid}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
<!--
* Create the instructions column; blank lines must include a <code>&nbsp;</code>
* End with:
-->
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical end}}

Example: 

{{csdoc|usage vertical}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
{{cite book
| last                  =
| first                 =
| author-link           =
}}
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical mid}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
last
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical mid}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
&nbsp;
same as last1
same as first1
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical end}}
{{csdoc|usage vertical}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
{{cite book
| last                  =
| first                 =
| author-link           =
}}
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical mid}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
last
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical mid}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
&nbsp;
same as last1
same as first1
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
{{csdoc|usage vertical end}}

Four-columns format

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Full parameter set in vertical format
! Parameters !! Prerequisites !! Brief instructions / notes !! Vertical list
|-
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.)|last1}}
| 
| Author's last name or single name author. Don't link.
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top;" | <pre style="margin:0px; border:none;">
{{cite xxxxx 
 |last1                =
 |first1               =
 |author-link1         =
}}
</pre>
|-
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: first; given1; given; author-first1; author-first; (etc.)|first1}}
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.)|last1}}
| Author's first name. Don't link.
|-
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: author-link; subject-link1; subject-link; (etc.)|author-link1}}
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.)|last1}}
| Title of Wikipedia article about the first author. Don't link.
|}
Full parameter set in vertical format
Parameters Prerequisites Brief instructions / notes Vertical list
or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.) Author's last name or single name author. Don't link. 
{{cite xxxxx 
 |last1                =
 |first1               =
 |author-link1         =
 |last2                =
 |first2               =
 |author-link2         =
 |last3                =
 |first3               =
 |author-link3         =
 |last4                =
 |first4               =
 |author-link4         =
 |last5                =
 |first5               =
 |author-link5         =
 |name-list-style      =
 |vauthors             =
 |translator-last1     =
 |translator-first1    =
 |translator-link1     =
 |translator-last2     =
 |translator-first2    =
 |translator-link2     =
 |collaboration        =
 |contributor-last1    =
 |contributor-first1   =
 |contributor-link1    =
 |contributor-last2    =
 |contributor-first2   =
 |contributor-link2    =
 |others               =
 |editor-last1         =
 |editor-first1        =
 |editor-link1         =
 |editor-last2         =
 |editor-first2        =
 |editor-link2         =
 |editor-last3         =
 |editor-first3        =
 |editor-link3         =
 |veditors             =
 |title                =
 |script-title         =
 |trans-title          =
 |work                 =
 |script-work          =
 |trans-work           =
 |issue                =
 |department           =
 |chapter              =
 |script-chapter       =
 |trans-chapter        =
 |contribution         =
 |type                 =
 |edition              =
 |series               =
 |series-link          =
 |episode              =
 |event                =
 |agency               =
 |volume               =
 |date                 =
 |year                 =
 |orig-date            =
 |df                   =
 |publisher            =
 |___location             =
 |publication-place    =
 |via                  =
 |language             =
 |page                 =
 |pages                =
 |no-pp                =
 |at                   =
 |minutes              =
 |time                 =
 |time-caption         =
 |id                   =
 |arxiv                =
 |asin                 =
 |asin-tld             =
 |bibcode              =
 |biorxiv              =
 |citeseerx            =
 |doi                  =
 |doi-broken-date      =
 |eissn                =
 |hdl                  =
 |sbn                  =
 |isbn                 =
 |ismn                 =
 |issn                 =
 |jfm                  =
 |jstor                =
 |lccn                 =
 |mr                   =
 |oclc                 =
 |ol                   =
 |osti                 =
 |pmc                  =
 |embargo              =
 |pmid                 =
 |rfc                  =
 |ssrn                 =
 |zbl                  =
 |url                  =
 |format               =
 |archive-url          =
 |archive-format       =
 |url-status           =
 |archive-date         =
 |chapter-url          =
 |chapter-format       =
 |access-date          =
 |no-tracking          =
 |quote                =
 |ref                  =
 |mode                 =
 |author-mask1         =
 |author-mask2         =
 |author-mask3         =
 |author-mask4         =
 |author-mask5         =
 |display-authors      =
 |translator-mask1     =
 |translator-mask2     =
 |display-translators  =
 |contributor-mask1    =
 |contributor-mask2    =
 |display-contributors =
 |editor-mask1         =
 |editor-mask2         =
 |editor-mask3         =
 |display-editors      =
 |postscript           =
 |url-access           =
 |chapter-url-access   =
 |bibcode-access       =
 |doi-access           =
 |hdl-access           =
 |jstor-access         =
 |ol-access            =
 |osti-access          =
 |map                  =
 |script-map           =
 |trans-map            =
 |map-url              =
 |map-format           =
 |map-url-access       =
 |scale                =
 |cartography          =
 |inset                =
 |sections             =
 |interviewer-last1    =
 |interviewer-first1   =
 |interviewer-link1    =
 |interviewer-last2    =
 |interviewer-first2   =
 |interviewer-link2    =
 |interviewer-mask1    =
 |interviewer-mask2    =
 |display-interviewers =
 |season               =
 |series-number        =
 |series-separator     =
 |network              =
 |station              =
 |transcript           =
 |transcript-url       =
 |transcript-format    =
 |conference           =
 |conference-url       =
 |conference-format    =
}}
or any of its aliases, including: first; given1; given; author-first1; author-first; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.) Author's first name. Don't link.
or any of its aliases, including: author-link; author1-link; subject-link1; subject-link; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.) Title of Wikipedia article about the first author. Don't link.
or any of its aliases, including: author2; author-last2; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.) Like last1, but for 2nd author.
or any of its aliases, including: given2; author-first2; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author2; author-last2; (etc.) Like first1, but for 2nd author.
or any of its aliases, including: author2-link; subject-link2; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author2; author-last2; (etc.) Like author-link1, but for 2nd author.
or any of its aliases, including: author3; author-last3; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author2; author-last2; (etc.) Like last1, but for 3rd author.
or any of its aliases, including: given3; author-first3; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author3; author-last3; (etc.) Like first1, but for 3rd author.
or any of its aliases, including: author3-link; subject-link3; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author3; author-last3; (etc.) Like author-link1, but for 3rd author.
or any of its aliases, including: author4; author-last4; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author3; author-last3; (etc.) Like last1, but for 4th author.
or any of its aliases, including: given4; author-first4; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author4; author-last4; (etc.) Like first1, but for 4th author.
or any of its aliases, including: author4-link; subject-link4; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author4; author-last4; (etc.) Like author-link1, but for 4th author.
or any of its aliases, including: author5; author-last5; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author4; author-last4; (etc.) Like last1, but for 5th author. Similar: last6, etc.
or any of its aliases, including: given5; author-first5; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author5; author-last5; (etc.) Like first1, but for 5th author. Similar: first6, etc.
or any of its aliases, including: author5-link; subject-link5; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author5; author-last5; (etc.) Like author-link1, but for 5th author. Similar: author-link6, etc.
name-list-style vanc to emulate Vancouver style
vauthors
translator-last1
translator-first1 translator-last1
translator-link1 translator-last1
translator-last2 translator-last1 Additional translators: translator-last3, etc.
translator-first2 translator-last2
translator-link2 translator-last2
collaboration
contributor-last1
contributor-first1
contributor-link1
contributor-last2
contributor-first2
contributor-link2
others
editor-last1
editor-first1 editor-last1
editor-link1 editor-last1
editor-last2 editor-last1
editor-first2 editor-last2
editor-link2 editor-last2
editor-last3 editor-last2
editor-first3 editor-last3
editor-link3 editor-last3
veditors
title
script-title
trans-title title or script-title
work
script-work
trans-work work or script-work
issue
department
chapter Chapter title can be wikilinked unless when a chapter-url is given
script-chapter
trans-chapter chapter or script-chapter
contribution
type
edition Ordinal number
series
series-link
episode
event
agency
volume
date
year
orig-date date or year
df
publisher
___location publisher
publication-place
via
language
page choose one: "page", "pages", or "at"
pages choose one: "page", "pages", or "at". Use when content on multiple pages supports the article text.
no-pp page or pages set no-pp to "yes" to suppress the "p." or "pp." before page numbers
at choose one: "page", "pages", or "at"
minutes
time
time-caption
id
arxiv
asin
asin-tld
bibcode
biorxiv
citeseerx
doi
doi-broken-date doi
eissn
hdl
sbn
isbn always include ISBN, if one has been assigned
ismn
issn
jfm
jstor
lccn
mr
oclc
ol
osti
pmc
embargo
pmid
rfc
ssrn
zbl
url title or script-title
format url
archive-url archive-date, url
archive-format
url-status archive-url
archive-date archive-url
chapter-url chapter or script-chapter
chapter-format chapter-url
access-date url
no-tracking
quote
ref
mode cs1 or cs2
author-mask1 last1
author-mask2 last2
author-mask3 last3
author-mask4 last4
author-mask5 last5
or alias displayauthors or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.) number (number of authors displayed) or etal (more authors)
translator-mask1 translator-last1
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June 2022

  Hello. This is a message to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions, such as the edit(s) you made to Publishing, did not appear to be constructive and have been reverted. Please take some time to familiarise yourself with our policies and guidelines. You can find information about these at our welcome page which also provides further information about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. If you only meant to make test edits, please use your sandbox for that. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you may leave a message on my talk page. Thank you. Fieryninja (talk) 07:03, 1 June 2022 (UTC)

  Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Electronic publishing. Your edits appear to be disruptive and have been or will be reverted.

Please ensure you are familiar with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines, and please do not continue to make edits that appear disruptive. Continued disruptive editing may result in loss of editing privileges. Thank you. Fieryninja (talk) 07:10, 1 June 2022 (UTC)


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Hello. I recently linked two neighborhoods, which are listed in the Danbury, Connecticut infobox. You have since reverted these links despite the neighborhoods having their own articles. Can you please explain the logic behind this revert? Thank you. CLJ (talk). 21:53, 14 March 2022 (UTC)

I reverted because your edits broke the diagram at "Places adjacent to Danbury, Connecticut" (look at how it renders after your edits compared to the reverted version). I have no objection to the other edits, as long as they do not break anything. – Jonesey95 (talk) 22:51, 14 March 2022 (UTC)


Electronic publishing

The first digitization projects were transferring physical content into digital content. Electronic publishing is aiming to integrate the whole process of editing and publishing (production, layout, publication) in the digital world.

Alain Mille, in the book Pratiques de l'édition numérique (edited by Michael E. Sinatra and Marcello Vitali-Rosati),[1] says that the beginnings of Internet and the Web are the very core of electronic publishing, since they pretty much determined the biggest changes in the production and diffusion patterns. Internet has a direct effect on the publishing questions, letting creators and users go further in the traditional process (writer-editor-publishing house).[2]

The traditional publishing, and especially the creation part, were first revolutionized by new desktop publishing softwares appearing in the 1980s, and by the text databases created for the encyclopedias and directories. At the same time the multimedia was developing quickly, combining book, audiovisual and computer science characteristics. CDs and DVDs appear, permitting the visualization of these dictionaries and encyclopedias on computers.[3]

The arrival and democratization of Internet is slowly giving small publishing houses the opportunity to publish their books directly online. Some websites, like Amazon, let their users buy eBooks; Internet users can also find many educative platforms (free or not), encyclopedic websites like Wikipedia, and even digital magazines platforms. The eBook then becomes more and more accessible through many different supports, like the e-reader and even smartphones. The digital book had, and still has, an important impact on publishing houses and their economical models; it is still a moving ___domain, and they yet have to master the new ways of publishing in a digital era.[4]


History

Digitization

The first digitization initiative was in 1971 by Michael S. Hart, a student at the University of Illinois at Chicago, who launched Project Gutenberg,[5] designed to make literature more accessible to everyone, through the internet. It took a while to develop, and in 1989 there were only 10 texts that were manually recopied on computer by Michael S. Hart himself and some volunteers. But with the appearance of the Web 1.0 in 1991 and its ability to connect documents together through static pages, the project moved quickly forward. Many more volunteers helped in developing the project by giving access to public ___domain classics.[6]

In the 1970s, the French National Centre for Scientific Research digitized a thousand books from diverse subjects, mostly literature but also philosophy and science, dating back to the 12th century to present times, so as to build the foundations of a large dictionary, the Trésor de la langue française au Québec. This foundation of e-texts, named Frantext, was published on a compact disc under the brand name Discotext, and then on the worldwide web in 1998.[7]

Mass-scale digitization

In 1974, American inventor and futurist Raymond Kurzweil developed a scanner which was equipped with an Omnifont software that enabled optical character recognition for numeric inputs.[clarification needed] The digitization projects could then be more ambitious since the time needed for digitization decreased considerably, and digital libraries were on the rise. All over the world, e-libraries started to emerge.[citation needed]

The ABU (Association des Bibliophiles Universels), was a public digital library project created by the Cnam in 1993. It was the first French digital library in the network; suspended since 2002, they reproduced over a hundred texts that are still available.[8]

In 1992, the Bibliothèque nationale de France launched a vast digitization program. The president François Mitterrand had wanted since 1988 to create a new and innovative digital library, and it was published in 1997 under the name of Gallica.[9] In 2014, the digital library was offering 80 255 online books and over a million documents, including prints and manuscripts.[10]

In 2003, Wikisource was launched, and the project aspired to constitute a digital and multilingual library that would be a complement to the Wikipedia project. It was originally named "Project Sourceberg", as a word play to remind the Project Gutenberg.[11] Supported by the Wikimedia Foundation, Wikisource proposes digitized texts that have been verified by volunteers.[12]

In December 2004, Google created Google Books, a project to digitize all the books available in the world (over 130 million books) to make them accessible online.[13] 10 years later, 25 000 000 books, from a hundred countries and in 400 languages, are on the platform. This was possible because by that time, robotic scanners could digitize around 6 000 books per hour.[14]

In 2008, the prototype of Europeana was launched; and by 2010, the project had been giving access to over 10 million digital objects. The Europeana library is a European catalog that offers index cards on millions of digital objects and links to their digital libraries.[15] In the same year, HathiTrust was created to put together the contents of many university e-libraries from USA and Europe, as well as Google Books and Internet Archive. In 2016, over six millions of users had been using HathiTrust.[16]

Electronic publishing

The first digitization projects were transferring physical content into digital content. Electronic publishing is aiming to integrate the whole process of editing and publishing (production, layout, publication) in the digital world.

Alain Mille, in the book Pratiques de l'édition numérique (edited by Michael E. Sinatra and Marcello Vitali-Rosati),[17] says that the beginnings of Internet and the Web are the very core of electronic publishing, since they pretty much determined the biggest changes in the production and diffusion patterns. Internet has a direct effect on the publishing questions, letting creators and users go further in the traditional process (writer-editor-publishing house).[18]

The traditional publishing, and especially the creation part, were first revolutionized by new desktop publishing softwares appearing in the 1980s, and by the text databases created for the encyclopedias and directories. At the same time the multimedia was developing quickly, combining book, audiovisual and computer science characteristics. CDs and DVDs appear, permitting the visualization of these dictionaries and encyclopedias on computers.[19]

The arrival and democratization of Internet is slowly giving small publishing houses the opportunity to publish their books directly online. Some websites, like Amazon, let their users buy eBooks; Internet users can also find many educative platforms (free or not), encyclopedic websites like Wikipedia, and even digital magazines platforms. The eBook then becomes more and more accessible through many different supports, like the e-reader and even smartphones. The digital book had, and still has, an important impact on publishing houses and their economical models; it is still a moving ___domain, and they yet have to master the new ways of publishing in a digital era.[20]

Online edition

Based on new communications practices of the web 2.0 and the new architecture of participation, online edition opens the door to a collaboration of a community to elaborate and improve contents on Internet, while also enriching reading through collective reading practices. The web 2.0 not only links documents together, as did the web 1.0, it also links people together through social media: that's why it's called the Participative (or participatory) Web.[21]

Many tools were put in place to foster sharing and creative collective contents. One of the many is the Wikipedia encyclopedia, since it is edited, corrected and enhanced by millions of contributors. Open Street Map is also based on the same principle. Blogs and comment systems are also now renown as online edition and publishing, since it is possible through new interactions between the author and its readers, and can be an important method for inspiration but also for visibility.[22]


"Publisher" redirects here. For other uses, see Publisher (disambiguation).

 
Printer working an early Gutenberg letterpress from the 15th century. (1877 engraving)

Publishing is the activity of making information, literature, music, software and other content available to the public for sale or for free.[23] Traditionally, the term refers to the creation and distribution of printed works, such as books, newspapers, and magazines. With the advent of digital information systems, the scope has expanded to include electronic publishing such as ebooks, academic journals, micropublishing, websites, blogs, video game publishing, and the like.

Publishing may produce private, club, commons or public goods and may be conducted as a commercial, public, social or community activity.[24] The commercial publishing industry ranges from large multinational conglomerates such as Bertelsmann, RELX, Pearson and Thomson Reuters[25] to thousands of small independents. It has various divisions such as trade/retail publishing of fiction and non-fiction, educational publishing (k-12) and academic and scientific publishing.[26] Publishing is also undertaken by governments, civil society and private companies for administrative or compliance requirements, business, research, advocacy or public interest objectives.[27] This can include annual reports, research reports, market research, policy briefings and technical reports. Self-publishing has become very common.

"Publisher" can refer to a publishing company or organization, or to an individual who leads a publishing company, imprint, periodical or newspaper.

Publishing in law

Publication is important as a legal concept:

  1. As the process of giving formal notice to the world of a significant intention, for example, to marry or enter bankruptcy
  2. As the essential precondition of being able to claim defamation; that is, the alleged libel must have been published
  3. For copyright purposes, where there is a difference in the protection of published and unpublished works

History

Publishing became possible with the invention of writing, and became more practical upon the introduction of printing. Prior to printing, distributed works were copied manually, by scribes. Due to printing, publishing progressed hand-in-hand with the development of books.

The Chinese inventor Bi Sheng made movable type of earthenware circa 1045, but there are no known surviving examples of his work. The Korean civil servant Choe Yun-ui, who lived during the Goryeo Dynasty, invented the first metal moveable type in 1234-1250 AD [28]

Around 1450, in what is commonly regarded as an independent invention, Johannes Gutenberg invented movable type in Europe, along with innovations in casting the type based on a matrix and hand mould. This invention gradually made books less expensive to produce and more widely available.

Early printed books, single sheets and images which were created before 1501 in Europe are known as incunables or incunabula. "A man born in 1453, the year of the fall of Constantinople, could look back from his fiftieth year on a lifetime in which about eight million books had been printed, more perhaps than all the scribes of Europe had produced since Constantine founded his city in A.D. 330."[29]

Eventually, printing enabled other forms of publishing besides books. The history of modern newspaper publishing started in Germany in 1609, with publishing of magazines following in 1663.

Missionaries brought printing presses to sub-Saharan Africa in the mid-18th century.[30]

Historically, publishing has been handled by publishers, although some authors self-published.[31] The establishment of the World Wide Web in 1989 soon propelled the website into a dominant medium of publishing. Wikis and Blogs soon developed, followed by online books, online newspapers, and online magazines.

Since its start, the World Wide Web has been facilitating the technological convergence of commercial and self-published content, as well as the convergence of publishing and producing into online production through the development of multimedia content.

A U.S. based study in 2016 that surveyed 34 publishers found that the publishing industry in the US in general is overwhelmingly represented by straight, able bodied, white females.[32] Salon described the situation as "lack of diversity behind the scenes in book world".[33] A survey in 2020 by the same group found there has been no statistical significant change in the lack of diversity since the 2016 survey four years earlier.[34] Lack of diversity in the American publishing industry has been an issue for years. Within the industry, there was the least amount of diversity in higher level editorial positions.[35]

See also: List of women printers and publishers before 1800
See also: History of printing in East Asia

The traditional process of publishing

Book publishers buy or commission copy from independent authors; newspaper publishers, by contrast, usually hire staff to produce copy, although they may also employ freelance journalists, called stringers. Magazines may employ either strategy or a mixture.

Traditional book publishers are selective about what they publish. They do not accept manuscripts direct from authors. Authors must first submit a query letter or proposal, either to a literary agent or direct to the publisher. depending on the publisher's submission guidelines.[36] If the publisher does accept unsolicited manuscripts, then the manuscript is placed in the slush pile, which publisher's readers sift through to identify manuscripts worthy of publication. The acquisitions editors review these and if they agree, send them to the editorial staff. Larger companies have more levels of assessment between submission and publication than smaller companies. Unsolicited submissions have a very low rate of acceptance, with some estimates as low as 3 out of every 10,000 being accepted.[37]

Stages of publishing

The publishing process includes creation, acquisition, copy editing, production, printing (and its electronic equivalents), marketing, and distribution.

Although listed as distinct stages, parts of these occur concurrently. As editing of text progresses, front cover design and initial layout takes place, and sales and marketing of the book begins.

The publisher may subcontract various aspects of this process to specialist companies and/or freelancers.[38][39]

Binding

Main article: Bookbinding

In the case of books, binding follows upon the printing process. It involves folding the printed sheets, "securing them together, affixing boards or sides to it, and covering the whole with leather or other materials".[40]

Types of publishers

 
Eslite Bookstore in Taiwan.

There are four major types of publishers in book publishing:

  • Commercial publishers are more rigid and selective as to which books they publish. If accepted, authors pay no costs to publish in exchange for selling rights to their work. They receive in-house editing, design, printing, marketing and distribution services, and are paid royalties on sales.[41]
  • Self-publishers: Authors use self-publishing houses to publish their books and retain full rights to their works. Self-publishing houses are more open than traditional publishing houses, allowing emerging and established authors to publish their work. A number of modern or self-publishing houses offer enhanced services (e.g. editing, design) and authors may choose which one to use. Authors shoulder pre-publishing expenses and in return retain all the rights to their works, keep total control, and are paid royalties on sales.[42]
  • Vanity presses portray themselves as traditional publishers but are, in fact, just a self-publishing service. Unlike genuine self-publishing services, the author is often obliged to use some or all of their additional services, and the press will often take rights to the work as part of their contract.[43]
  • Hybrid publishers operate with a different revenue model than traditional publishing, while keeping the rest of the practices of publishing the same. There have been attempts to bridge this gap using hybrid models. No one model has been fully proven at this stage.[44]

Derided in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica as "a purely commercial affair" that cared more about profits than about literary quality,[45] publishing is like any business, with a need for the expenses not to exceed the income. Publishing is now a major industry with the largest companies Reed Elsevier and Pearson PLC having global publishing operations.

Some businesses maximize their profit margins through vertical integration; book publishing is not one of them. Although newspaper and magazine companies still often own printing presses and binderies, book publishers rarely do. Similarly, the trade usually sells the finished products through a distributor who stores and distributes the publisher's wares for a percentage fee or sells on a sale or return basis.

The advent of the Internet has provided the electronic way of book distribution without the need of physical printing, physical delivery and storage of books. This, therefore, poses an interesting question that challenges publishers, distributors, and retailers. The question pertains to the role and importance the publishing houses have in the overall publishing process. It is a common practice that the author, the original creator of the work, signs the contract awarding him or her only around 10% of the proceeds of the book.[46] Such contract leaves 90% of the book proceeds to the publishing houses, distribution companies, marketers, and retailers. One example (rearranged) of the distribution of proceeds from the sale of a book was given as follows:[47]

  • 45% to the retailer
  • 10% to the wholesaler
  • 10.125% to the publisher for printing (this is usually subcontracted out)
  • 7.15% to the publisher for marketing
  • 12.7% to the publisher for pre-production
  • 15% to the author (royalties)

Within the electronic book path, the publishing house's role remains almost identical. The process of preparing a book for e-book publication is exactly the same as print publication, with only minor variations in the process to account for the different mediums of publishing. While some costs, such as the discount given to retailers (normally around 45%)[47] are eliminated, additional costs connected to ebooks apply (especially in the conversion process), raising the production costs to a similar level.[citation needed]

Print on demand is rapidly becoming an established alternative to traditional publishing.

Book clubs are almost entirely direct-to-retail, and niche publishers pursue a mixed strategy to sell through all available outlets — their output is insignificant to the major booksellers, so lost revenue poses no threat to the traditional symbiotic relationships between the four activities of printing, publishing, distribution, and retail.

Industry sub-divisions

Newspaper publishing

Main article: Newspaper

Newspapers are regularly scheduled publications that present recent news, typically on a type of inexpensive paper called newsprint. Most newspapers are primarily sold to subscribers, through retail newsstands or are distributed as advertising-supported free newspapers. About one-third of publishers in the United States are newspaper publishers.[48]

Periodical publishing

Main article: Periodical publication

Nominally, periodical publishing involves publications that appear in a new edition on a regular schedule. Newspapers and magazines are both periodicals, but within the industry, the periodical publishing is frequently considered a separate branch that includes magazines and even academic journals, but not newspapers.[48] About one-third of publishers in the United States publish periodicals (not including newspapers).[48] The library and information science communities often refer to periodicals as serials.

Book publishing

See also: History of books
"Book publishing company" redirects here. For the publisher named Book Publishing Company, see The Farm (Tennessee).
 
Facade of Otava's publishing office in Helsinki, Finland

The global book publishing industry accounts for over $100 billion of annual revenue, or about 15% of the total media industry.[49]

For-profit publishers of books that serve the general public are often referred to as "trade publishers." Book publishers represent less than a sixth of the publishers in the United States.[48] Most books are published by a small number of very large book publishers, but thousands of smaller book publishers exist. Many small- and medium-sized book publishers specialize in a specific area. Additionally, thousands of authors have created publishing companies and self-published their own works. Within the book publishing, the publisher of record for a book is the entity in whose name the book's ISBN is registered. The publisher of record may or may not be the actual publisher.

In 2013, Penguin (owned by Pearson) and Random House (owned by Bertelsmann) merged, narrowing the industry to a handful of big publishers as it adapted to digital media.[50] The merger created the largest consumer book publisher in the world, with a global market share of more than 25 percent.[51] Approximately 60%[52] of English-language books are produced through the "Big Five" publishing houses: Penguin Random House, Hachette, HarperCollins, Simon & Schuster, and Macmillan. In November 2020, ViacomCBS agreed to sell Simon & Schuster, the third largest book publisher in the United States, to Penguin Random House in a deal that will create the first megapublisher.[50]

Leadstart, Shristi Publisher, Rupa Publications, and Jaico Publishing House are major publishers in India.[citation needed]

Directory publishing

Directory publishing is a specialized genre within the publishing industry. These publishers produce mailing lists, telephone books, and other types of directories.[48] With the advent of the Internet, many of these directories are now online.

Tie-in publishing

Main article: Tie-in

Technically, radio, television, cinemas, VCDs and DVDs, music systems, games, computer hardware and mobile telephony publish information to their audiences. Indeed, the marketing of a major film often includes a novelization, a graphic novel or comic version, the soundtrack album, a game, model, toys and endless promotional publications.

Some of the major publishers have entire divisions devoted to a single franchise, e.g. Ballantine Del Rey Lucasbooks has the exclusive rights to Star Wars in the United States; Random House UK (Bertelsmann)/Century LucasBooks holds the same rights in the United Kingdom. The game industry self-publishes through BL Publishing/Black Library (Warhammer) and Wizards of the Coast (Dragonlance, Forgotten Realms, etc.). The BBC has its publishing division that does very well with long-running series such as Doctor Who. These multimedia works are cross-marketed aggressively and sales frequently outperform the average stand-alone published work, making them a focus of corporate interest.[53]

Recent developments

Accessible publishing uses the digitization of books to mark up books into XML and then produces multiple formats from this to sell to customers, often targeting those with difficulty reading. Formats include a variety larger print sizes, specialized print formats for dyslexia,[54] eye tracking problems and macular degeneration, as well as Braille, DAISY, audiobooks and e-books.[55]

Green publishing means adapting the publishing process to minimise environmental impact. One example of this is the concept of on-demand printing, using digital or print-on-demand technology. This cuts down the need to ship books since they are manufactured close to the customer on a just-in-time basis.[56]

A further development is the growth of on-line publishing where no physical books are produced. The ebook is created by the author and uploaded to a website from where it can be downloaded and read by anyone.

An increasing number of authors are using niche marketing online to sell more books by engaging with their readers online.[57]

Standardization

Refer to the ISO divisions of ICS 01.140.40 and 35.240.30 for further information.[58][59]

 
World Intellectual Property Organization, Geneva
Main article: Publication

Publication is the distribution of copies or content to the public.[60][61] The Berne Convention requires that this can only be done with the consent of the copyright holder, which is initially always the author.[60] In the Universal Copyright Convention, "publication" is defined in article VI as "the reproduction in tangible form and the general distribution to the public of copies of a work from which it can be read or otherwise visually perceived."[61]

Privishing

Privishing (private publishing, but not to be confused with self-publishing) is a modern term for publishing a book but printing so few copies or with such lack of marketing, advertising or sales support that it effectively does not reach the public.[62] The book, while nominally published, is almost impossible to obtain through normal channels such as bookshops, often cannot be ordered specially, and has a notable lack of support from its publisher, including refusal to reprint the title. A book that is privished may be referred to as "killed". Depending on the motivation, privishing may constitute breach of contract, censorship,[63] or good business practice (e.g., not printing more books than the publisher believes will sell in a reasonable length of time).

See also

General:

Publishing on specific contexts:

Publishing tools:

References

  1. ^ Vitali-Rosati, Marcello; E. Sinatra, Michael (2014). Pratiques de l'édition numérique (in French). Sens Public. ISBN 978-2-7606-3592-0.
  2. ^ Vitalli-Rosati, Marcello; E. Sinatra, Michael (2014). Histoire des humanités numériques. Pratiques de l'édition numérique (in French). Montréal. pp. 49–60. ISBN 978-2-7606-3202-8. Retrieved 10 April 2017. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)CS1 maint: ___location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ "5. L'édition numérique et le livre numérique". mediadix.u-paris10.fr (in French). Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  4. ^ "EBooks: Evolving markets and new challenges – Think Tank". European Parliament. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  5. ^ Marie Lebert, Les mutations du livre à l'heure de l'internet, Net des études françaises, Montreal, 2007
  6. ^ Dacos, Marin; Mounier, Pierre (2010). III. L'édition au défi du numérique (in French). La Découverte. ISBN 9782707157294.
  7. ^ "Frantext". frantext.fr. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  8. ^ Lebert, Marie (2008). Les mutations du livre (in French). Project Gutenberg.
  9. ^ "A propos | Gallica". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  10. ^ Tasrot-Gillery, Sylviane (February 2015). "La BNF et le numérique patrimonial et culturel" (PDF). La Lettre du Coepia (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  11. ^ "Wikisource:What is Wikisource? – Wikisource". wikisource.org. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  12. ^ "Wikisource: International Full-Texts | Binghamton University Libraries News and Events". libnews.binghamton.edu. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  13. ^ Somers, James. "Torching the Modern-Day Library of Alexandria". The Atlantic. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  14. ^ "Google Books: A Complex and Controversial Experiment". Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  15. ^ "Collections Europeana". Collections Europeana (in French). Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  16. ^ "14 Million Books & 6 Million Visitors: HathiTrust Growth and Usage in 2016 (pdf)
  17. ^ Vitali-Rosati, Marcello; E. Sinatra, Michael (2014). Pratiques de l'édition numérique (in French). Sens Public. ISBN 978-2-7606-3592-0.
  18. ^ Vitalli-Rosati, Marcello; E. Sinatra, Michael (2014). Histoire des humanités numériques. Pratiques de l'édition numérique (in French). Montréal. pp. 49–60. ISBN 978-2-7606-3202-8. Retrieved 10 April 2017. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)CS1 maint: ___location missing publisher (link)
  19. ^ "5. L'édition numérique et le livre numérique". mediadix.u-paris10.fr (in French). Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  20. ^ "EBooks: Evolving markets and new challenges – Think Tank". European Parliament. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  21. ^ Editors, Applied Clinical Trials. "Web 2.0 Revolution: Power to the People". appliedclinicaltrialsonline.com. Retrieved 13 July 2018. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  22. ^ "5. L'édition numérique et le livre numérique". mediadix.parisnanterre.fr (in French). Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  23. ^ "PUBLISHING | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary". dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  24. ^ Hess, Charlotte; Ostrom, Elinor, eds. (2011). Understanding knowledge as a commons : from theory to practice. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-51603-7. OCLC 709863190.
  25. ^ "GLOBAL 50. The world ranking of the publishing industry 2019". Issuu. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  26. ^ "The Global Publishing Industry in 2016". www.wipo.int. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  27. ^ Börjesson, Lisa (2016). "Research outside academia? - An analysis of resources in extra-academic report writing: Research Outside Academia? - An Analysis of Resources in Extra-Academic Report Writing". Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 53 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1002/pra2.2016.14505301036. S2CID 7212603.
  28. ^ Newman, Sophia (19 June 2019). "So, Gutenberg Didn't Actually Invent Printing As We Know It". lithub.com. Literary Hub. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  29. ^ Clapham, Michael, "Printing" in A History of Technology, Vol 2. From the Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution, edd. Charles Singer et al. (Oxford 1957), p. 377. Cited from Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change (Cambridge University, 1980).
  30. ^ Gazemba, Stanley (13 December 2019). "African Publishing Minefields and the Woes of the African Writer". The Elephant. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  31. ^ "Notable Moments in Self-Publishing History: A Timeline". Poets & Writers. 1 November 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  32. ^ Flood, Alison (27 January 2016). "Publishing industry is overwhelmingly white and female, US study finds". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  33. ^ "White women of publishing: New survey shows a lack of diversity behind the scenes in book world". Salon. 26 January 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  34. ^ Flood, Alison (30 January 2020). "US publishing remains 'as white today as it was four years ago'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  35. ^ ITALIE, HILLEL (11 February 2020). "Missteps lead publishing industry to review diversity effort". Associated Press. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  36. ^ "Submitting your work - Allen & Unwin - Australia". www.allenandunwin.com. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  37. ^ Tara K. Harper (2004). "On Publishers and Getting Published". Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  38. ^ "Jobs and Careers – Help". Random House, Inc. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
  39. ^ "Jobs with Penguin". Penguin Books Ltd. Archived from the original on 6 September 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
  40. ^ Hannett, John (2010) [1836]. Bibliopegia: Or the Art of Bookbinding, in All Its Branches. Cambridge Library Collection: Printing and Publishing History (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-108-02144-9. Retrieved 19 February 2013. Binding is the art of folding the sheets of a book, securing them together, affixing boards or sides thereto, and covering the whole with leather or other materials
  41. ^ Steven, Daniel. "Self-publishing – In traditional royalty publishing". publishlawyer.com. Daniel N. Steven, LLC. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  42. ^ Steven, Daniel. "What is self-publishing". publishlawyer.com. Daniel N. Steven, LLC. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  43. ^ "Self-publishing vs vanity publishing. Confused?". www.writersandartists.co.uk. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  44. ^ Klems, Brian A. (11 August 2016). "What is Hybrid Publishing? Here Are 4 Things All Writers Should Know". Writer's Digest. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  45. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Publishing" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  46. ^ "Sample Publishing Contract". Indexbooks.net. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  47. ^ a b "Book Cost Analysis – Cost of Physical Book Publishing - Kindle Review – Kindle Phone Review, Kindle Fire HD Review". Kindle Review.
  48. ^ a b c d e Bureau of Labor Statistics (17 December 2009). "Career Guide to Industries, 2010–11 Edition: Publishing, Except Software". U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  49. ^ Wischenbart, Rüdiger (2012). Publishing Statistics (PDF). IPA Global.
  50. ^ a b Alter, Alexandra; Lee, Edmund (25 November 2020). "Penguin Random House to Buy Simon & Schuster". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  51. ^ Pfanner, Eric; Chozick, Amy (29 October 2012). "Random House and Penguin Merger Creates Global Giant". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  52. ^ Losowsky, Andrew (20 February 2013). "Indie Bookstores File Lawsuit Against Amazon". Huffington Post.
  53. ^ Shelagh Vainker in Anne Farrer (ed.), "Caves of the Thousand Buddhas", 1990, British Museum publications, ISBN 0-7141-1447-2.
  54. ^ Dwight Garner (20 May 2008). "Making Reading Easier – Paper Cuts Blog". NYTimes.com.
  55. ^ "Overview of the Technology- Awards, Cost Savings". Radhowyouwant.com. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  56. ^ Kanter, James (2 December 2008). "Reading Green On Demand". Green blogs, New York Times. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  57. ^ Rinzler, Alan (29 July 2010). "The Magic of Niche Marketing for Authors". Forbes. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  58. ^ International Organization for Standardization. "01.140.40: Publishing". Retrieved 14 July 2008.
  59. ^ International Organization for Standardization. "35.240.30: IT applications in information, documentation and publishing". Retrieved 14 July 2008.
  60. ^ a b WIPO. "Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works". Wipo.int. Archived from the original on 1 September 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  61. ^ a b "Microsoft Word – The Universal Copyright Convention _Geneva Text—September" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  62. ^ Winkler, David (11 July 2002). "Journalists Thrown 'Into the Buzzsaw'". CommonDreams.org. Archived from the original on 4 August 2007.
  63. ^ Sue Curry Jansen; Brian Martin (July 2003). "Making censorship backfire". Counterpoise. 7.

Full vertical style

The full vertical style can be implemented in a three-columns format (only practical when the number of parameters is not too extended) or in a four-columns format.

Three-columns format

The full vertical style in three columns consists of a "Vertical list", "Prerequisites" and "Brief instructions / notes". 

<!--
* Start with: 
-->
{{csdoc|usage vertical}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
<!--
* Create the vertical list column
* Separate the next column with:
-->
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical mid}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
<!--
* Create the prerequisites column; blank lines must include a <code>&nbsp;</code>
* Separate the next column with:
-->
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical mid}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
<!--
* Create the instructions column; blank lines must include a <code>&nbsp;</code>
* End with:
-->
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical end}}

Example: 

{{csdoc|usage vertical}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
{{cite book
| last                  =
| first                 =
| author-link           =
}}
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical mid}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
last
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical mid}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
&nbsp;
same as last1
same as first1
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical end}}
{{csdoc|usage vertical}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
{{cite book
| last                  =
| first                 =
| author-link           =
}}
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical mid}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
last
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical mid}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
&nbsp;
same as last1
same as first1
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
{{csdoc|usage vertical end}}

Four-columns format

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Full parameter set in vertical format
! Parameters !! Prerequisites !! Brief instructions / notes !! Vertical list
|-
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.)|last1}}
| 
| Author's last name or single name author. Don't link.
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top;" | <pre style="margin:0px; border:none;">
{{cite xxxxx 
 |last1                =
 |first1               =
 |author-link1         =
}}
</pre>
|-
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: first; given1; given; author-first1; author-first; (etc.)|first1}}
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.)|last1}}
| Author's first name. Don't link.
|-
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: author-link; subject-link1; subject-link; (etc.)|author-link1}}
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.)|last1}}
| Title of Wikipedia article about the first author. Don't link.
|}
Full parameter set in vertical format
Parameters Prerequisites Brief instructions / notes Vertical list
or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.) Author's last name or single name author. Don't link. 
{{cite xxxxx 
 |last1                =
 |first1               =
 |author-link1         =
 |last2                =
 |first2               =
 |author-link2         =
 |last3                =
 |first3               =
 |author-link3         =
 |last4                =
 |first4               =
 |author-link4         =
 |last5                =
 |first5               =
 |author-link5         =
 |name-list-style      =
 |vauthors             =
 |translator-last1     =
 |translator-first1    =
 |translator-link1     =
 |translator-last2     =
 |translator-first2    =
 |translator-link2     =
 |collaboration        =
 |contributor-last1    =
 |contributor-first1   =
 |contributor-link1    =
 |contributor-last2    =
 |contributor-first2   =
 |contributor-link2    =
 |others               =
 |editor-last1         =
 |editor-first1        =
 |editor-link1         =
 |editor-last2         =
 |editor-first2        =
 |editor-link2         =
 |editor-last3         =
 |editor-first3        =
 |editor-link3         =
 |veditors             =
 |title                =
 |script-title         =
 |trans-title          =
 |work                 =
 |script-work          =
 |trans-work           =
 |issue                =
 |department           =
 |chapter              =
 |script-chapter       =
 |trans-chapter        =
 |contribution         =
 |type                 =
 |edition              =
 |series               =
 |series-link          =
 |episode              =
 |event                =
 |agency               =
 |volume               =
 |date                 =
 |year                 =
 |orig-date            =
 |df                   =
 |publisher            =
 |___location             =
 |publication-place    =
 |via                  =
 |language             =
 |page                 =
 |pages                =
 |no-pp                =
 |at                   =
 |minutes              =
 |time                 =
 |time-caption         =
 |id                   =
 |arxiv                =
 |asin                 =
 |asin-tld             =
 |bibcode              =
 |biorxiv              =
 |citeseerx            =
 |doi                  =
 |doi-broken-date      =
 |eissn                =
 |hdl                  =
 |sbn                  =
 |isbn                 =
 |ismn                 =
 |issn                 =
 |jfm                  =
 |jstor                =
 |lccn                 =
 |mr                   =
 |oclc                 =
 |ol                   =
 |osti                 =
 |pmc                  =
 |embargo              =
 |pmid                 =
 |rfc                  =
 |ssrn                 =
 |zbl                  =
 |url                  =
 |format               =
 |archive-url          =
 |archive-format       =
 |url-status           =
 |archive-date         =
 |chapter-url          =
 |chapter-format       =
 |access-date          =
 |no-tracking          =
 |quote                =
 |ref                  =
 |mode                 =
 |author-mask1         =
 |author-mask2         =
 |author-mask3         =
 |author-mask4         =
 |author-mask5         =
 |display-authors      =
 |translator-mask1     =
 |translator-mask2     =
 |display-translators  =
 |contributor-mask1    =
 |contributor-mask2    =
 |display-contributors =
 |editor-mask1         =
 |editor-mask2         =
 |editor-mask3         =
 |display-editors      =
 |postscript           =
 |url-access           =
 |chapter-url-access   =
 |bibcode-access       =
 |doi-access           =
 |hdl-access           =
 |jstor-access         =
 |ol-access            =
 |osti-access          =
 |map                  =
 |script-map           =
 |trans-map            =
 |map-url              =
 |map-format           =
 |map-url-access       =
 |scale                =
 |cartography          =
 |inset                =
 |sections             =
 |interviewer-last1    =
 |interviewer-first1   =
 |interviewer-link1    =
 |interviewer-last2    =
 |interviewer-first2   =
 |interviewer-link2    =
 |interviewer-mask1    =
 |interviewer-mask2    =
 |display-interviewers =
 |season               =
 |series-number        =
 |series-separator     =
 |network              =
 |station              =
 |transcript           =
 |transcript-url       =
 |transcript-format    =
 |conference           =
 |conference-url       =
 |conference-format    =
}}
or any of its aliases, including: first; given1; given; author-first1; author-first; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.) Author's first name. Don't link.
or any of its aliases, including: author-link; author1-link; subject-link1; subject-link; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.) Title of Wikipedia article about the first author. Don't link.
or any of its aliases, including: author2; author-last2; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.) Like last1, but for 2nd author.
or any of its aliases, including: given2; author-first2; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author2; author-last2; (etc.) Like first1, but for 2nd author.
or any of its aliases, including: author2-link; subject-link2; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author2; author-last2; (etc.) Like author-link1, but for 2nd author.
or any of its aliases, including: author3; author-last3; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author2; author-last2; (etc.) Like last1, but for 3rd author.
or any of its aliases, including: given3; author-first3; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author3; author-last3; (etc.) Like first1, but for 3rd author.
or any of its aliases, including: author3-link; subject-link3; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author3; author-last3; (etc.) Like author-link1, but for 3rd author.
or any of its aliases, including: author4; author-last4; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author3; author-last3; (etc.) Like last1, but for 4th author.
or any of its aliases, including: given4; author-first4; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author4; author-last4; (etc.) Like first1, but for 4th author.
or any of its aliases, including: author4-link; subject-link4; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author4; author-last4; (etc.) Like author-link1, but for 4th author.
or any of its aliases, including: author5; author-last5; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author4; author-last4; (etc.) Like last1, but for 5th author. Similar: last6, etc.
or any of its aliases, including: given5; author-first5; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author5; author-last5; (etc.) Like first1, but for 5th author. Similar: first6, etc.
or any of its aliases, including: author5-link; subject-link5; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author5; author-last5; (etc.) Like author-link1, but for 5th author. Similar: author-link6, etc.
name-list-style vanc to emulate Vancouver style
vauthors
translator-last1
translator-first1 translator-last1
translator-link1 translator-last1
translator-last2 translator-last1 Additional translators: translator-last3, etc.
translator-first2 translator-last2
translator-link2 translator-last2
collaboration
contributor-last1
contributor-first1
contributor-link1
contributor-last2
contributor-first2
contributor-link2
others
editor-last1
editor-first1 editor-last1
editor-link1 editor-last1
editor-last2 editor-last1
editor-first2 editor-last2
editor-link2 editor-last2
editor-last3 editor-last2
editor-first3 editor-last3
editor-link3 editor-last3
veditors
title
script-title
trans-title title or script-title
work
script-work
trans-work work or script-work
issue
department
chapter Chapter title can be wikilinked unless when a chapter-url is given
script-chapter
trans-chapter chapter or script-chapter
contribution
type
edition Ordinal number
series
series-link
episode
event
agency
volume
date
year
orig-date date or year
df
publisher
___location publisher
publication-place
via
language
page choose one: "page", "pages", or "at"
pages choose one: "page", "pages", or "at". Use when content on multiple pages supports the article text.
no-pp page or pages set no-pp to "yes" to suppress the "p." or "pp." before page numbers
at choose one: "page", "pages", or "at"
minutes
time
time-caption
id
arxiv
asin
asin-tld
bibcode
biorxiv
citeseerx
doi
doi-broken-date doi
eissn
hdl
sbn
isbn always include ISBN, if one has been assigned
ismn
issn
jfm
jstor
lccn
mr
oclc
ol
osti
pmc
embargo
pmid
rfc
ssrn
zbl
url title or script-title
format url
archive-url archive-date, url
archive-format
url-status archive-url
archive-date archive-url
chapter-url chapter or script-chapter
chapter-format chapter-url
access-date url
no-tracking
quote
ref
mode cs1 or cs2
author-mask1 last1
author-mask2 last2
author-mask3 last3
author-mask4 last4
author-mask5 last5
or alias displayauthors or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.) number (number of authors displayed) or etal (more authors)
translator-mask1 translator-last1
translator-mask2 translator-last2
display-translators
contributor-mask1
contributor-mask2
display-contributors
editor-mask1 editor-last1
editor-mask2 editor-last2
editor-mask3 editor-last3
display-editors
postscript
url-access
chapter-url-access
bibcode-access
doi-access
hdl-access
jstor-access
ol-access
osti-access
map
script-map
trans-map
map-url
map-format
map-url-access
scale
cartography
inset
sections
interviewer-last1
interviewer-first1
interviewer-link1
interviewer-last2
interviewer-first2
interviewer-link2
interviewer-mask1
interviewer-mask2
display-interviewers
season
series-number
series-separator
network
station
transcript
transcript-url
transcript-format
conference
conference-url
conference-format
If a field name is listed in the Prerequisites column it is a prerequisite for the field to the left.
Additional parameters (available for at least some cite templates)
|authors=
|book-title=
|class=
|degree=
|docket=
|encyclopedia=
|mailing-list=
|message-id=
|number=
|publication-date=
|section=
|sheet=
|sheets=
|title-link=
(available from late April 2020) |s2cid=



Full parameter set in horizontal format
{{cite xxxxx |last1= |first1= |author-link1= |last2= |first2= |author-link2= |last3= |first3= |author-link3= |last4= |first4= |author-link4= |last5= |first5= |author-link5= |name-list-style= |vauthors= |translator-last1= |translator-first1= |translator-link1= |translator-last2= |translator-first2= |translator-link2= |collaboration= |contributor-last1= |contributor-first1= |contributor-link1= |contributor-last2= |contributor-first2= |contributor-link2= |others= |editor-last1= |editor-first1= |editor-link1= |editor-last2= |editor-first2= |editor-link2= |editor-last3= |editor-first3= |editor-link3= |veditors= |title= |script-title= |trans-title= |work= |script-work= |trans-work= |issue= |department= |chapter= |script-chapter= |trans-chapter= |contribution= |type= |edition= |series= |series-link= |episode= |event= |agency= |volume= |date= |year= |orig-date= |df= |publisher= |___location= |publication-place= |via= |language= |page= |pages= |no-pp= |at= |minutes= |time= |time-caption= |id= |arxiv= |asin= |asin-tld= |bibcode= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi= |doi-broken-date= |eissn= |hdl= |sbn= |isbn= |ismn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |embargo= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |url= |format= |archive-url= |archive-format= |url-status= |archive-date= |chapter-url= |chapter-format= |access-date= |no-tracking= |quote= |ref= |mode= |author-mask1= |author-mask2= |author-mask3= |author-mask4= |author-mask5= |display-authors= |translator-mask1= |translator-mask2= |display-translators= |contributor-mask1= |contributor-mask2= |display-contributors= |editor-mask1= |editor-mask2= |editor-mask3= |display-editors= |postscript= |url-access= |chapter-url-access= |bibcode-access= |doi-access= |hdl-access= |jstor-access= |ol-access= |osti-access= |map= |script-map= |trans-map= |map-url= |map-format= |map-url-access= |scale= |cartography= |inset= |sections= |interviewer-last1= |interviewer-first1= |interviewer-link1= |interviewer-last2= |interviewer-first2= |interviewer-link2= |interviewer-mask1= |interviewer-mask2= |display-interviewers= |season= |series-number= |series-separator= |network= |station= |transcript= |transcript-url= |transcript-format= |conference= |conference-url= |conference-format=}}

Full parameter set in horizontal format Template:Cite xxxxx The above set is organised contextually rather than alphabetically. The following parameters, which are usually available for at least a few cite templates, are not included in the full parameter set above: |authors=; |book-title=; |class=; |degree=; |docket=; |encyclopedia=; |mailing-list=; |message-id=; |number=; |publication-date=; |section=; |sheet=; |sheets=; |title-link=; |s2cid=.

Usage

  • This user box is designed to allow you to identify your user name on a different-language Wikipedia.
  • Put this Userbox on your userpage like thisLanguage code|User name}}



Hello. I recently linked two neighborhoods, which are listed in the Danbury, Connecticut infobox. You have since reverted these links despite the neighborhoods having their own articles. Can you please explain the logic behind this revert? Thank you. CLJ (talk). 21:53, 14 March 2022 (UTC)

I reverted because your edits broke the diagram at "Places adjacent to Danbury, Connecticut" (look at how it renders after your edits compared to the reverted version). I have no objection to the other edits, as long as they do not break anything. – Jonesey95 (talk) 22:51, 14 March 2022 (UTC)


Electronic publishing

The first digitization projects were transferring physical content into digital content. Electronic publishing is aiming to integrate the whole process of editing and publishing (production, layout, publication) in the digital world.

Alain Mille, in the book Pratiques de l'édition numérique (edited by Michael E. Sinatra and Marcello Vitali-Rosati),[1] says that the beginnings of Internet and the Web are the very core of electronic publishing, since they pretty much determined the biggest changes in the production and diffusion patterns. Internet has a direct effect on the publishing questions, letting creators and users go further in the traditional process (writer-editor-publishing house).[2]

The traditional publishing, and especially the creation part, were first revolutionized by new desktop publishing softwares appearing in the 1980s, and by the text databases created for the encyclopedias and directories. At the same time the multimedia was developing quickly, combining book, audiovisual and computer science characteristics. CDs and DVDs appear, permitting the visualization of these dictionaries and encyclopedias on computers.[3]

The arrival and democratization of Internet is slowly giving small publishing houses the opportunity to publish their books directly online. Some websites, like Amazon, let their users buy eBooks; Internet users can also find many educative platforms (free or not), encyclopedic websites like Wikipedia, and even digital magazines platforms. The eBook then becomes more and more accessible through many different supports, like the e-reader and even smartphones. The digital book had, and still has, an important impact on publishing houses and their economical models; it is still a moving ___domain, and they yet have to master the new ways of publishing in a digital era.[4]


History

Digitization

The first digitization initiative was in 1971 by Michael S. Hart, a student at the University of Illinois at Chicago, who launched Project Gutenberg,[5] designed to make literature more accessible to everyone, through the internet. It took a while to develop, and in 1989 there were only 10 texts that were manually recopied on computer by Michael S. Hart himself and some volunteers. But with the appearance of the Web 1.0 in 1991 and its ability to connect documents together through static pages, the project moved quickly forward. Many more volunteers helped in developing the project by giving access to public ___domain classics.[6]

In the 1970s, the French National Centre for Scientific Research digitized a thousand books from diverse subjects, mostly literature but also philosophy and science, dating back to the 12th century to present times, so as to build the foundations of a large dictionary, the Trésor de la langue française au Québec. This foundation of e-texts, named Frantext, was published on a compact disc under the brand name Discotext, and then on the worldwide web in 1998.[7]

Mass-scale digitization

In 1974, American inventor and futurist Raymond Kurzweil developed a scanner which was equipped with an Omnifont software that enabled optical character recognition for numeric inputs.[clarification needed] The digitization projects could then be more ambitious since the time needed for digitization decreased considerably, and digital libraries were on the rise. All over the world, e-libraries started to emerge.[citation needed]

The ABU (Association des Bibliophiles Universels), was a public digital library project created by the Cnam in 1993. It was the first French digital library in the network; suspended since 2002, they reproduced over a hundred texts that are still available.[8]

In 1992, the Bibliothèque nationale de France launched a vast digitization program. The president François Mitterrand had wanted since 1988 to create a new and innovative digital library, and it was published in 1997 under the name of Gallica.[9] In 2014, the digital library was offering 80 255 online books and over a million documents, including prints and manuscripts.[10]

In 2003, Wikisource was launched, and the project aspired to constitute a digital and multilingual library that would be a complement to the Wikipedia project. It was originally named "Project Sourceberg", as a word play to remind the Project Gutenberg.[11] Supported by the Wikimedia Foundation, Wikisource proposes digitized texts that have been verified by volunteers.[12]

In December 2004, Google created Google Books, a project to digitize all the books available in the world (over 130 million books) to make them accessible online.[13] 10 years later, 25 000 000 books, from a hundred countries and in 400 languages, are on the platform. This was possible because by that time, robotic scanners could digitize around 6 000 books per hour.[14]

In 2008, the prototype of Europeana was launched; and by 2010, the project had been giving access to over 10 million digital objects. The Europeana library is a European catalog that offers index cards on millions of digital objects and links to their digital libraries.[15] In the same year, HathiTrust was created to put together the contents of many university e-libraries from USA and Europe, as well as Google Books and Internet Archive. In 2016, over six millions of users had been using HathiTrust.[16]

Electronic publishing

The first digitization projects were transferring physical content into digital content. Electronic publishing is aiming to integrate the whole process of editing and publishing (production, layout, publication) in the digital world.

Alain Mille, in the book Pratiques de l'édition numérique (edited by Michael E. Sinatra and Marcello Vitali-Rosati),[17] says that the beginnings of Internet and the Web are the very core of electronic publishing, since they pretty much determined the biggest changes in the production and diffusion patterns. Internet has a direct effect on the publishing questions, letting creators and users go further in the traditional process (writer-editor-publishing house).[18]

The traditional publishing, and especially the creation part, were first revolutionized by new desktop publishing softwares appearing in the 1980s, and by the text databases created for the encyclopedias and directories. At the same time the multimedia was developing quickly, combining book, audiovisual and computer science characteristics. CDs and DVDs appear, permitting the visualization of these dictionaries and encyclopedias on computers.[19]

The arrival and democratization of Internet is slowly giving small publishing houses the opportunity to publish their books directly online. Some websites, like Amazon, let their users buy eBooks; Internet users can also find many educative platforms (free or not), encyclopedic websites like Wikipedia, and even digital magazines platforms. The eBook then becomes more and more accessible through many different supports, like the e-reader and even smartphones. The digital book had, and still has, an important impact on publishing houses and their economical models; it is still a moving ___domain, and they yet have to master the new ways of publishing in a digital era.[20]

Online edition

Based on new communications practices of the web 2.0 and the new architecture of participation, online edition opens the door to a collaboration of a community to elaborate and improve contents on Internet, while also enriching reading through collective reading practices. The web 2.0 not only links documents together, as did the web 1.0, it also links people together through social media: that's why it's called the Participative (or participatory) Web.[21]

Many tools were put in place to foster sharing and creative collective contents. One of the many is the Wikipedia encyclopedia, since it is edited, corrected and enhanced by millions of contributors. Open Street Map is also based on the same principle. Blogs and comment systems are also now renown as online edition and publishing, since it is possible through new interactions between the author and its readers, and can be an important method for inspiration but also for visibility.[22]


"Publisher" redirects here. For other uses, see Publisher (disambiguation).

 
Printer working an early Gutenberg letterpress from the 15th century. (1877 engraving)

Publishing is the activity of making information, literature, music, software and other content available to the public for sale or for free.[23] Traditionally, the term refers to the creation and distribution of printed works, such as books, newspapers, and magazines. With the advent of digital information systems, the scope has expanded to include electronic publishing such as ebooks, academic journals, micropublishing, websites, blogs, video game publishing, and the like.

Publishing may produce private, club, commons or public goods and may be conducted as a commercial, public, social or community activity.[24] The commercial publishing industry ranges from large multinational conglomerates such as Bertelsmann, RELX, Pearson and Thomson Reuters[25] to thousands of small independents. It has various divisions such as trade/retail publishing of fiction and non-fiction, educational publishing (k-12) and academic and scientific publishing.[26] Publishing is also undertaken by governments, civil society and private companies for administrative or compliance requirements, business, research, advocacy or public interest objectives.[27] This can include annual reports, research reports, market research, policy briefings and technical reports. Self-publishing has become very common.

"Publisher" can refer to a publishing company or organization, or to an individual who leads a publishing company, imprint, periodical or newspaper.

Publishing in law

Publication is important as a legal concept:

  1. As the process of giving formal notice to the world of a significant intention, for example, to marry or enter bankruptcy
  2. As the essential precondition of being able to claim defamation; that is, the alleged libel must have been published
  3. For copyright purposes, where there is a difference in the protection of published and unpublished works

History

Publishing became possible with the invention of writing, and became more practical upon the introduction of printing. Prior to printing, distributed works were copied manually, by scribes. Due to printing, publishing progressed hand-in-hand with the development of books.

The Chinese inventor Bi Sheng made movable type of earthenware circa 1045, but there are no known surviving examples of his work. The Korean civil servant Choe Yun-ui, who lived during the Goryeo Dynasty, invented the first metal moveable type in 1234-1250 AD [28]

Around 1450, in what is commonly regarded as an independent invention, Johannes Gutenberg invented movable type in Europe, along with innovations in casting the type based on a matrix and hand mould. This invention gradually made books less expensive to produce and more widely available.

Early printed books, single sheets and images which were created before 1501 in Europe are known as incunables or incunabula. "A man born in 1453, the year of the fall of Constantinople, could look back from his fiftieth year on a lifetime in which about eight million books had been printed, more perhaps than all the scribes of Europe had produced since Constantine founded his city in A.D. 330."[29]

Eventually, printing enabled other forms of publishing besides books. The history of modern newspaper publishing started in Germany in 1609, with publishing of magazines following in 1663.

Missionaries brought printing presses to sub-Saharan Africa in the mid-18th century.[30]

Historically, publishing has been handled by publishers, although some authors self-published.[31] The establishment of the World Wide Web in 1989 soon propelled the website into a dominant medium of publishing. Wikis and Blogs soon developed, followed by online books, online newspapers, and online magazines.

Since its start, the World Wide Web has been facilitating the technological convergence of commercial and self-published content, as well as the convergence of publishing and producing into online production through the development of multimedia content.

A U.S. based study in 2016 that surveyed 34 publishers found that the publishing industry in the US in general is overwhelmingly represented by straight, able bodied, white females.[32] Salon described the situation as "lack of diversity behind the scenes in book world".[33] A survey in 2020 by the same group found there has been no statistical significant change in the lack of diversity since the 2016 survey four years earlier.[34] Lack of diversity in the American publishing industry has been an issue for years. Within the industry, there was the least amount of diversity in higher level editorial positions.[35]

See also: List of women printers and publishers before 1800
See also: History of printing in East Asia

The traditional process of publishing

Book publishers buy or commission copy from independent authors; newspaper publishers, by contrast, usually hire staff to produce copy, although they may also employ freelance journalists, called stringers. Magazines may employ either strategy or a mixture.

Traditional book publishers are selective about what they publish. They do not accept manuscripts direct from authors. Authors must first submit a query letter or proposal, either to a literary agent or direct to the publisher. depending on the publisher's submission guidelines.[36] If the publisher does accept unsolicited manuscripts, then the manuscript is placed in the slush pile, which publisher's readers sift through to identify manuscripts worthy of publication. The acquisitions editors review these and if they agree, send them to the editorial staff. Larger companies have more levels of assessment between submission and publication than smaller companies. Unsolicited submissions have a very low rate of acceptance, with some estimates as low as 3 out of every 10,000 being accepted.[37]

Stages of publishing

The publishing process includes creation, acquisition, copy editing, production, printing (and its electronic equivalents), marketing, and distribution.

Although listed as distinct stages, parts of these occur concurrently. As editing of text progresses, front cover design and initial layout takes place, and sales and marketing of the book begins.

The publisher may subcontract various aspects of this process to specialist companies and/or freelancers.[38][39]

Binding

Main article: Bookbinding

In the case of books, binding follows upon the printing process. It involves folding the printed sheets, "securing them together, affixing boards or sides to it, and covering the whole with leather or other materials".[40]

Types of publishers

 
Eslite Bookstore in Taiwan.

There are four major types of publishers in book publishing:

  • Commercial publishers are more rigid and selective as to which books they publish. If accepted, authors pay no costs to publish in exchange for selling rights to their work. They receive in-house editing, design, printing, marketing and distribution services, and are paid royalties on sales.[41]
  • Self-publishers: Authors use self-publishing houses to publish their books and retain full rights to their works. Self-publishing houses are more open than traditional publishing houses, allowing emerging and established authors to publish their work. A number of modern or self-publishing houses offer enhanced services (e.g. editing, design) and authors may choose which one to use. Authors shoulder pre-publishing expenses and in return retain all the rights to their works, keep total control, and are paid royalties on sales.[42]
  • Vanity presses portray themselves as traditional publishers but are, in fact, just a self-publishing service. Unlike genuine self-publishing services, the author is often obliged to use some or all of their additional services, and the press will often take rights to the work as part of their contract.[43]
  • Hybrid publishers operate with a different revenue model than traditional publishing, while keeping the rest of the practices of publishing the same. There have been attempts to bridge this gap using hybrid models. No one model has been fully proven at this stage.[44]

Derided in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica as "a purely commercial affair" that cared more about profits than about literary quality,[45] publishing is like any business, with a need for the expenses not to exceed the income. Publishing is now a major industry with the largest companies Reed Elsevier and Pearson PLC having global publishing operations.

Some businesses maximize their profit margins through vertical integration; book publishing is not one of them. Although newspaper and magazine companies still often own printing presses and binderies, book publishers rarely do. Similarly, the trade usually sells the finished products through a distributor who stores and distributes the publisher's wares for a percentage fee or sells on a sale or return basis.

The advent of the Internet has provided the electronic way of book distribution without the need of physical printing, physical delivery and storage of books. This, therefore, poses an interesting question that challenges publishers, distributors, and retailers. The question pertains to the role and importance the publishing houses have in the overall publishing process. It is a common practice that the author, the original creator of the work, signs the contract awarding him or her only around 10% of the proceeds of the book.[46] Such contract leaves 90% of the book proceeds to the publishing houses, distribution companies, marketers, and retailers. One example (rearranged) of the distribution of proceeds from the sale of a book was given as follows:[47]

  • 45% to the retailer
  • 10% to the wholesaler
  • 10.125% to the publisher for printing (this is usually subcontracted out)
  • 7.15% to the publisher for marketing
  • 12.7% to the publisher for pre-production
  • 15% to the author (royalties)

Within the electronic book path, the publishing house's role remains almost identical. The process of preparing a book for e-book publication is exactly the same as print publication, with only minor variations in the process to account for the different mediums of publishing. While some costs, such as the discount given to retailers (normally around 45%)[47] are eliminated, additional costs connected to ebooks apply (especially in the conversion process), raising the production costs to a similar level.[citation needed]

Print on demand is rapidly becoming an established alternative to traditional publishing.

Book clubs are almost entirely direct-to-retail, and niche publishers pursue a mixed strategy to sell through all available outlets — their output is insignificant to the major booksellers, so lost revenue poses no threat to the traditional symbiotic relationships between the four activities of printing, publishing, distribution, and retail.

Industry sub-divisions

Newspaper publishing

Main article: Newspaper

Newspapers are regularly scheduled publications that present recent news, typically on a type of inexpensive paper called newsprint. Most newspapers are primarily sold to subscribers, through retail newsstands or are distributed as advertising-supported free newspapers. About one-third of publishers in the United States are newspaper publishers.[48]

Periodical publishing

Main article: Periodical publication

Nominally, periodical publishing involves publications that appear in a new edition on a regular schedule. Newspapers and magazines are both periodicals, but within the industry, the periodical publishing is frequently considered a separate branch that includes magazines and even academic journals, but not newspapers.[48] About one-third of publishers in the United States publish periodicals (not including newspapers).[48] The library and information science communities often refer to periodicals as serials.

Book publishing

See also: History of books
"Book publishing company" redirects here. For the publisher named Book Publishing Company, see The Farm (Tennessee).
 
Facade of Otava's publishing office in Helsinki, Finland

The global book publishing industry accounts for over $100 billion of annual revenue, or about 15% of the total media industry.[49]

For-profit publishers of books that serve the general public are often referred to as "trade publishers." Book publishers represent less than a sixth of the publishers in the United States.[48] Most books are published by a small number of very large book publishers, but thousands of smaller book publishers exist. Many small- and medium-sized book publishers specialize in a specific area. Additionally, thousands of authors have created publishing companies and self-published their own works. Within the book publishing, the publisher of record for a book is the entity in whose name the book's ISBN is registered. The publisher of record may or may not be the actual publisher.

In 2013, Penguin (owned by Pearson) and Random House (owned by Bertelsmann) merged, narrowing the industry to a handful of big publishers as it adapted to digital media.[50] The merger created the largest consumer book publisher in the world, with a global market share of more than 25 percent.[51] Approximately 60%[52] of English-language books are produced through the "Big Five" publishing houses: Penguin Random House, Hachette, HarperCollins, Simon & Schuster, and Macmillan. In November 2020, ViacomCBS agreed to sell Simon & Schuster, the third largest book publisher in the United States, to Penguin Random House in a deal that will create the first megapublisher.[50]

Leadstart, Shristi Publisher, Rupa Publications, and Jaico Publishing House are major publishers in India.[citation needed]

Directory publishing

Directory publishing is a specialized genre within the publishing industry. These publishers produce mailing lists, telephone books, and other types of directories.[48] With the advent of the Internet, many of these directories are now online.

Tie-in publishing

Main article: Tie-in

Technically, radio, television, cinemas, VCDs and DVDs, music systems, games, computer hardware and mobile telephony publish information to their audiences. Indeed, the marketing of a major film often includes a novelization, a graphic novel or comic version, the soundtrack album, a game, model, toys and endless promotional publications.

Some of the major publishers have entire divisions devoted to a single franchise, e.g. Ballantine Del Rey Lucasbooks has the exclusive rights to Star Wars in the United States; Random House UK (Bertelsmann)/Century LucasBooks holds the same rights in the United Kingdom. The game industry self-publishes through BL Publishing/Black Library (Warhammer) and Wizards of the Coast (Dragonlance, Forgotten Realms, etc.). The BBC has its publishing division that does very well with long-running series such as Doctor Who. These multimedia works are cross-marketed aggressively and sales frequently outperform the average stand-alone published work, making them a focus of corporate interest.[53]

Recent developments

Accessible publishing uses the digitization of books to mark up books into XML and then produces multiple formats from this to sell to customers, often targeting those with difficulty reading. Formats include a variety larger print sizes, specialized print formats for dyslexia,[54] eye tracking problems and macular degeneration, as well as Braille, DAISY, audiobooks and e-books.[55]

Green publishing means adapting the publishing process to minimise environmental impact. One example of this is the concept of on-demand printing, using digital or print-on-demand technology. This cuts down the need to ship books since they are manufactured close to the customer on a just-in-time basis.[56]

A further development is the growth of on-line publishing where no physical books are produced. The ebook is created by the author and uploaded to a website from where it can be downloaded and read by anyone.

An increasing number of authors are using niche marketing online to sell more books by engaging with their readers online.[57]

Standardization

Refer to the ISO divisions of ICS 01.140.40 and 35.240.30 for further information.[58][59]

 
World Intellectual Property Organization, Geneva
Main article: Publication

Publication is the distribution of copies or content to the public.[60][61] The Berne Convention requires that this can only be done with the consent of the copyright holder, which is initially always the author.[60] In the Universal Copyright Convention, "publication" is defined in article VI as "the reproduction in tangible form and the general distribution to the public of copies of a work from which it can be read or otherwise visually perceived."[61]

Privishing

Privishing (private publishing, but not to be confused with self-publishing) is a modern term for publishing a book but printing so few copies or with such lack of marketing, advertising or sales support that it effectively does not reach the public.[62] The book, while nominally published, is almost impossible to obtain through normal channels such as bookshops, often cannot be ordered specially, and has a notable lack of support from its publisher, including refusal to reprint the title. A book that is privished may be referred to as "killed". Depending on the motivation, privishing may constitute breach of contract, censorship,[63] or good business practice (e.g., not printing more books than the publisher believes will sell in a reasonable length of time).

See also

General:

Publishing on specific contexts:

Publishing tools:

References

  1. ^ Vitali-Rosati, Marcello; E. Sinatra, Michael (2014). Pratiques de l'édition numérique (in French). Sens Public. ISBN 978-2-7606-3592-0.
  2. ^ Vitalli-Rosati, Marcello; E. Sinatra, Michael (2014). Histoire des humanités numériques. Pratiques de l'édition numérique (in French). Montréal. pp. 49–60. ISBN 978-2-7606-3202-8. Retrieved 10 April 2017. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)CS1 maint: ___location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ "5. L'édition numérique et le livre numérique". mediadix.u-paris10.fr (in French). Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  4. ^ "EBooks: Evolving markets and new challenges – Think Tank". European Parliament. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  5. ^ Marie Lebert, Les mutations du livre à l'heure de l'internet, Net des études françaises, Montreal, 2007
  6. ^ Dacos, Marin; Mounier, Pierre (2010). III. L'édition au défi du numérique (in French). La Découverte. ISBN 9782707157294.
  7. ^ "Frantext". frantext.fr. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  8. ^ Lebert, Marie (2008). Les mutations du livre (in French). Project Gutenberg.
  9. ^ "A propos | Gallica". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  10. ^ Tasrot-Gillery, Sylviane (February 2015). "La BNF et le numérique patrimonial et culturel" (PDF). La Lettre du Coepia (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  11. ^ "Wikisource:What is Wikisource? – Wikisource". wikisource.org. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  12. ^ "Wikisource: International Full-Texts | Binghamton University Libraries News and Events". libnews.binghamton.edu. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  13. ^ Somers, James. "Torching the Modern-Day Library of Alexandria". The Atlantic. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  14. ^ "Google Books: A Complex and Controversial Experiment". Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  15. ^ "Collections Europeana". Collections Europeana (in French). Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  16. ^ "14 Million Books & 6 Million Visitors: HathiTrust Growth and Usage in 2016 (pdf)
  17. ^ Vitali-Rosati, Marcello; E. Sinatra, Michael (2014). Pratiques de l'édition numérique (in French). Sens Public. ISBN 978-2-7606-3592-0.
  18. ^ Vitalli-Rosati, Marcello; E. Sinatra, Michael (2014). Histoire des humanités numériques. Pratiques de l'édition numérique (in French). Montréal. pp. 49–60. ISBN 978-2-7606-3202-8. Retrieved 10 April 2017. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)CS1 maint: ___location missing publisher (link)
  19. ^ "5. L'édition numérique et le livre numérique". mediadix.u-paris10.fr (in French). Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  20. ^ "EBooks: Evolving markets and new challenges – Think Tank". European Parliament. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  21. ^ Editors, Applied Clinical Trials. "Web 2.0 Revolution: Power to the People". appliedclinicaltrialsonline.com. Retrieved 13 July 2018. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  22. ^ "5. L'édition numérique et le livre numérique". mediadix.parisnanterre.fr (in French). Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  23. ^ "PUBLISHING | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary". dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  24. ^ Hess, Charlotte; Ostrom, Elinor, eds. (2011). Understanding knowledge as a commons : from theory to practice. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-51603-7. OCLC 709863190.
  25. ^ "GLOBAL 50. The world ranking of the publishing industry 2019". Issuu. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  26. ^ "The Global Publishing Industry in 2016". www.wipo.int. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  27. ^ Börjesson, Lisa (2016). "Research outside academia? - An analysis of resources in extra-academic report writing: Research Outside Academia? - An Analysis of Resources in Extra-Academic Report Writing". Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 53 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1002/pra2.2016.14505301036. S2CID 7212603.
  28. ^ Newman, Sophia (19 June 2019). "So, Gutenberg Didn't Actually Invent Printing As We Know It". lithub.com. Literary Hub. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  29. ^ Clapham, Michael, "Printing" in A History of Technology, Vol 2. From the Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution, edd. Charles Singer et al. (Oxford 1957), p. 377. Cited from Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change (Cambridge University, 1980).
  30. ^ Gazemba, Stanley (13 December 2019). "African Publishing Minefields and the Woes of the African Writer". The Elephant. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  31. ^ "Notable Moments in Self-Publishing History: A Timeline". Poets & Writers. 1 November 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  32. ^ Flood, Alison (27 January 2016). "Publishing industry is overwhelmingly white and female, US study finds". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  33. ^ "White women of publishing: New survey shows a lack of diversity behind the scenes in book world". Salon. 26 January 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  34. ^ Flood, Alison (30 January 2020). "US publishing remains 'as white today as it was four years ago'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  35. ^ ITALIE, HILLEL (11 February 2020). "Missteps lead publishing industry to review diversity effort". Associated Press. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  36. ^ "Submitting your work - Allen & Unwin - Australia". www.allenandunwin.com. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  37. ^ Tara K. Harper (2004). "On Publishers and Getting Published". Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  38. ^ "Jobs and Careers – Help". Random House, Inc. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
  39. ^ "Jobs with Penguin". Penguin Books Ltd. Archived from the original on 6 September 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
  40. ^ Hannett, John (2010) [1836]. Bibliopegia: Or the Art of Bookbinding, in All Its Branches. Cambridge Library Collection: Printing and Publishing History (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-108-02144-9. Retrieved 19 February 2013. Binding is the art of folding the sheets of a book, securing them together, affixing boards or sides thereto, and covering the whole with leather or other materials
  41. ^ Steven, Daniel. "Self-publishing – In traditional royalty publishing". publishlawyer.com. Daniel N. Steven, LLC. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  42. ^ Steven, Daniel. "What is self-publishing". publishlawyer.com. Daniel N. Steven, LLC. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  43. ^ "Self-publishing vs vanity publishing. Confused?". www.writersandartists.co.uk. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  44. ^ Klems, Brian A. (11 August 2016). "What is Hybrid Publishing? Here Are 4 Things All Writers Should Know". Writer's Digest. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  45. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Publishing" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  46. ^ "Sample Publishing Contract". Indexbooks.net. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  47. ^ a b "Book Cost Analysis – Cost of Physical Book Publishing - Kindle Review – Kindle Phone Review, Kindle Fire HD Review". Kindle Review.
  48. ^ a b c d e Bureau of Labor Statistics (17 December 2009). "Career Guide to Industries, 2010–11 Edition: Publishing, Except Software". U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  49. ^ Wischenbart, Rüdiger (2012). Publishing Statistics (PDF). IPA Global.
  50. ^ a b Alter, Alexandra; Lee, Edmund (25 November 2020). "Penguin Random House to Buy Simon & Schuster". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  51. ^ Pfanner, Eric; Chozick, Amy (29 October 2012). "Random House and Penguin Merger Creates Global Giant". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  52. ^ Losowsky, Andrew (20 February 2013). "Indie Bookstores File Lawsuit Against Amazon". Huffington Post.
  53. ^ Shelagh Vainker in Anne Farrer (ed.), "Caves of the Thousand Buddhas", 1990, British Museum publications, ISBN 0-7141-1447-2.
  54. ^ Dwight Garner (20 May 2008). "Making Reading Easier – Paper Cuts Blog". NYTimes.com.
  55. ^ "Overview of the Technology- Awards, Cost Savings". Radhowyouwant.com. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  56. ^ Kanter, James (2 December 2008). "Reading Green On Demand". Green blogs, New York Times. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  57. ^ Rinzler, Alan (29 July 2010). "The Magic of Niche Marketing for Authors". Forbes. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  58. ^ International Organization for Standardization. "01.140.40: Publishing". Retrieved 14 July 2008.
  59. ^ International Organization for Standardization. "35.240.30: IT applications in information, documentation and publishing". Retrieved 14 July 2008.
  60. ^ a b WIPO. "Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works". Wipo.int. Archived from the original on 1 September 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  61. ^ a b "Microsoft Word – The Universal Copyright Convention _Geneva Text—September" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  62. ^ Winkler, David (11 July 2002). "Journalists Thrown 'Into the Buzzsaw'". CommonDreams.org. Archived from the original on 4 August 2007.
  63. ^ Sue Curry Jansen; Brian Martin (July 2003). "Making censorship backfire". Counterpoise. 7.

Full vertical style

The full vertical style can be implemented in a three-columns format (only practical when the number of parameters is not too extended) or in a four-columns format.

Three-columns format

The full vertical style in three columns consists of a "Vertical list", "Prerequisites" and "Brief instructions / notes". 

<!--
* Start with: 
-->
{{csdoc|usage vertical}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
<!--
* Create the vertical list column
* Separate the next column with:
-->
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical mid}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
<!--
* Create the prerequisites column; blank lines must include a <code>&nbsp;</code>
* Separate the next column with:
-->
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical mid}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
<!--
* Create the instructions column; blank lines must include a <code>&nbsp;</code>
* End with:
-->
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical end}}

Example: 

{{csdoc|usage vertical}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
{{cite book
| last                  =
| first                 =
| author-link           =
}}
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical mid}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
last
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical mid}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
&nbsp;
same as last1
same as first1
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical end}}
{{csdoc|usage vertical}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
{{cite book
| last                  =
| first                 =
| author-link           =
}}
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical mid}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
last
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
</pre>
{{csdoc|usage vertical mid}}
<pre style="margin:0px;">
&nbsp;
same as last1
same as first1
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
{{csdoc|usage vertical end}}

Four-columns format

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Full parameter set in vertical format
! Parameters !! Prerequisites !! Brief instructions / notes !! Vertical list
|-
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.)|last1}}
| 
| Author's last name or single name author. Don't link.
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top;" | <pre style="margin:0px; border:none;">
{{cite xxxxx 
 |last1                =
 |first1               =
 |author-link1         =
}}
</pre>
|-
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: first; given1; given; author-first1; author-first; (etc.)|first1}}
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.)|last1}}
| Author's first name. Don't link.
|-
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: author-link; subject-link1; subject-link; (etc.)|author-link1}}
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.)|last1}}
| Title of Wikipedia article about the first author. Don't link.
|}
Full parameter set in vertical format
Parameters Prerequisites Brief instructions / notes Vertical list
or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.) Author's last name or single name author. Don't link. 
{{cite xxxxx 
 |last1                =
 |first1               =
 |author-link1         =
 |last2                =
 |first2               =
 |author-link2         =
 |last3                =
 |first3               =
 |author-link3         =
 |last4                =
 |first4               =
 |author-link4         =
 |last5                =
 |first5               =
 |author-link5         =
 |name-list-style      =
 |vauthors             =
 |translator-last1     =
 |translator-first1    =
 |translator-link1     =
 |translator-last2     =
 |translator-first2    =
 |translator-link2     =
 |collaboration        =
 |contributor-last1    =
 |contributor-first1   =
 |contributor-link1    =
 |contributor-last2    =
 |contributor-first2   =
 |contributor-link2    =
 |others               =
 |editor-last1         =
 |editor-first1        =
 |editor-link1         =
 |editor-last2         =
 |editor-first2        =
 |editor-link2         =
 |editor-last3         =
 |editor-first3        =
 |editor-link3         =
 |veditors             =
 |title                =
 |script-title         =
 |trans-title          =
 |work                 =
 |script-work          =
 |trans-work           =
 |issue                =
 |department           =
 |chapter              =
 |script-chapter       =
 |trans-chapter        =
 |contribution         =
 |type                 =
 |edition              =
 |series               =
 |series-link          =
 |episode              =
 |event                =
 |agency               =
 |volume               =
 |date                 =
 |year                 =
 |orig-date            =
 |df                   =
 |publisher            =
 |___location             =
 |publication-place    =
 |via                  =
 |language             =
 |page                 =
 |pages                =
 |no-pp                =
 |at                   =
 |minutes              =
 |time                 =
 |time-caption         =
 |id                   =
 |arxiv                =
 |asin                 =
 |asin-tld             =
 |bibcode              =
 |biorxiv              =
 |citeseerx            =
 |doi                  =
 |doi-broken-date      =
 |eissn                =
 |hdl                  =
 |sbn                  =
 |isbn                 =
 |ismn                 =
 |issn                 =
 |jfm                  =
 |jstor                =
 |lccn                 =
 |mr                   =
 |oclc                 =
 |ol                   =
 |osti                 =
 |pmc                  =
 |embargo              =
 |pmid                 =
 |rfc                  =
 |ssrn                 =
 |zbl                  =
 |url                  =
 |format               =
 |archive-url          =
 |archive-format       =
 |url-status           =
 |archive-date         =
 |chapter-url          =
 |chapter-format       =
 |access-date          =
 |no-tracking          =
 |quote                =
 |ref                  =
 |mode                 =
 |author-mask1         =
 |author-mask2         =
 |author-mask3         =
 |author-mask4         =
 |author-mask5         =
 |display-authors      =
 |translator-mask1     =
 |translator-mask2     =
 |display-translators  =
 |contributor-mask1    =
 |contributor-mask2    =
 |display-contributors =
 |editor-mask1         =
 |editor-mask2         =
 |editor-mask3         =
 |display-editors      =
 |postscript           =
 |url-access           =
 |chapter-url-access   =
 |bibcode-access       =
 |doi-access           =
 |hdl-access           =
 |jstor-access         =
 |ol-access            =
 |osti-access          =
 |map                  =
 |script-map           =
 |trans-map            =
 |map-url              =
 |map-format           =
 |map-url-access       =
 |scale                =
 |cartography          =
 |inset                =
 |sections             =
 |interviewer-last1    =
 |interviewer-first1   =
 |interviewer-link1    =
 |interviewer-last2    =
 |interviewer-first2   =
 |interviewer-link2    =
 |interviewer-mask1    =
 |interviewer-mask2    =
 |display-interviewers =
 |season               =
 |series-number        =
 |series-separator     =
 |network              =
 |station              =
 |transcript           =
 |transcript-url       =
 |transcript-format    =
 |conference           =
 |conference-url       =
 |conference-format    =
}}
or any of its aliases, including: first; given1; given; author-first1; author-first; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.) Author's first name. Don't link.
or any of its aliases, including: author-link; author1-link; subject-link1; subject-link; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.) Title of Wikipedia article about the first author. Don't link.
or any of its aliases, including: author2; author-last2; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.) Like last1, but for 2nd author.
or any of its aliases, including: given2; author-first2; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author2; author-last2; (etc.) Like first1, but for 2nd author.
or any of its aliases, including: author2-link; subject-link2; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author2; author-last2; (etc.) Like author-link1, but for 2nd author.
or any of its aliases, including: author3; author-last3; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author2; author-last2; (etc.) Like last1, but for 3rd author.
or any of its aliases, including: given3; author-first3; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author3; author-last3; (etc.) Like first1, but for 3rd author.
or any of its aliases, including: author3-link; subject-link3; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author3; author-last3; (etc.) Like author-link1, but for 3rd author.
or any of its aliases, including: author4; author-last4; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author3; author-last3; (etc.) Like last1, but for 4th author.
or any of its aliases, including: given4; author-first4; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author4; author-last4; (etc.) Like first1, but for 4th author.
or any of its aliases, including: author4-link; subject-link4; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author4; author-last4; (etc.) Like author-link1, but for 4th author.
or any of its aliases, including: author5; author-last5; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author4; author-last4; (etc.) Like last1, but for 5th author. Similar: last6, etc.
or any of its aliases, including: given5; author-first5; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author5; author-last5; (etc.) Like first1, but for 5th author. Similar: first6, etc.
or any of its aliases, including: author5-link; subject-link5; (etc.) or any of its aliases, including: author5; author-last5; (etc.) Like author-link1, but for 5th author. Similar: author-link6, etc.
name-list-style vanc to emulate Vancouver style
vauthors
translator-last1
translator-first1 translator-last1
translator-link1 translator-last1
translator-last2 translator-last1 Additional translators: translator-last3, etc.
translator-first2 translator-last2
translator-link2 translator-last2
collaboration
contributor-last1
contributor-first1
contributor-link1
contributor-last2
contributor-first2
contributor-link2
others
editor-last1
editor-first1 editor-last1
editor-link1 editor-last1
editor-last2 editor-last1
editor-first2 editor-last2
editor-link2 editor-last2
editor-last3 editor-last2
editor-first3 editor-last3
editor-link3 editor-last3
veditors
title
script-title
trans-title title or script-title
work
script-work
trans-work work or script-work
issue
department
chapter Chapter title can be wikilinked unless when a chapter-url is given
script-chapter
trans-chapter chapter or script-chapter
contribution
type
edition Ordinal number
series
series-link
episode
event
agency
volume
date
year
orig-date date or year
df
publisher
___location publisher
publication-place
via
language
page choose one: "page", "pages", or "at"
pages choose one: "page", "pages", or "at". Use when content on multiple pages supports the article text.
no-pp page or pages set no-pp to "yes" to suppress the "p." or "pp." before page numbers
at choose one: "page", "pages", or "at"
minutes
time
time-caption
id
arxiv
asin
asin-tld
bibcode
biorxiv
citeseerx
doi
doi-broken-date doi
eissn
hdl
sbn
isbn always include ISBN, if one has been assigned
ismn
issn
jfm
jstor
lccn
mr
oclc
ol
osti
pmc
embargo
pmid
rfc
ssrn
zbl
url title or script-title
format url
archive-url archive-date, url
archive-format
url-status archive-url
archive-date archive-url
chapter-url chapter or script-chapter
chapter-format chapter-url
access-date url
no-tracking
quote
ref
mode cs1 or cs2
author-mask1 last1
author-mask2 last2
author-mask3 last3
author-mask4 last4
author-mask5 last5
or alias displayauthors or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.) number (number of authors displayed) or etal (more authors)
translator-mask1 translator-last1
translator-mask2 translator-last2
display-translators
contributor-mask1
contributor-mask2
display-contributors
editor-mask1 editor-last1
editor-mask2 editor-last2
editor-mask3 editor-last3
display-editors
postscript
url-access
chapter-url-access
bibcode-access
doi-access
hdl-access
jstor-access
ol-access
osti-access
map
script-map
trans-map
map-url
map-format
map-url-access
scale
cartography
inset
sections
interviewer-last1
interviewer-first1
interviewer-link1
interviewer-last2
interviewer-first2
interviewer-link2
interviewer-mask1
interviewer-mask2
display-interviewers
season
series-number
series-separator
network
station
transcript
transcript-url
transcript-format
conference
conference-url
conference-format
If a field name is listed in the Prerequisites column it is a prerequisite for the field to the left.
Additional parameters (available for at least some cite templates)
|authors=
|book-title=
|class=
|degree=
|docket=
|encyclopedia=
|mailing-list=
|message-id=
|number=
|publication-date=
|section=
|sheet=
|sheets=
|title-link=
(available from late April 2020) |s2cid=



Full parameter set in horizontal format
{{cite xxxxx |last1= |first1= |author-link1= |last2= |first2= |author-link2= |last3= |first3= |author-link3= |last4= |first4= |author-link4= |last5= |first5= |author-link5= |name-list-style= |vauthors= |translator-last1= |translator-first1= |translator-link1= |translator-last2= |translator-first2= |translator-link2= |collaboration= |contributor-last1= |contributor-first1= |contributor-link1= |contributor-last2= |contributor-first2= |contributor-link2= |others= |editor-last1= |editor-first1= |editor-link1= |editor-last2= |editor-first2= |editor-link2= |editor-last3= |editor-first3= |editor-link3= |veditors= |title= |script-title= |trans-title= |work= |script-work= |trans-work= |issue= |department= |chapter= |script-chapter= |trans-chapter= |contribution= |type= |edition= |series= |series-link= |episode= |event= |agency= |volume= |date= |year= |orig-date= |df= |publisher= |___location= |publication-place= |via= |language= |page= |pages= |no-pp= |at= |minutes= |time= |time-caption= |id= |arxiv= |asin= |asin-tld= |bibcode= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi= |doi-broken-date= |eissn= |hdl= |sbn= |isbn= |ismn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |embargo= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |url= |format= |archive-url= |archive-format= |url-status= |archive-date= |chapter-url= |chapter-format= |access-date= |no-tracking= |quote= |ref= |mode= |author-mask1= |author-mask2= |author-mask3= |author-mask4= |author-mask5= |display-authors= |translator-mask1= |translator-mask2= |display-translators= |contributor-mask1= |contributor-mask2= |display-contributors= |editor-mask1= |editor-mask2= |editor-mask3= |display-editors= |postscript= |url-access= |chapter-url-access= |bibcode-access= |doi-access= |hdl-access= |jstor-access= |ol-access= |osti-access= |map= |script-map= |trans-map= |map-url= |map-format= |map-url-access= |scale= |cartography= |inset= |sections= |interviewer-last1= |interviewer-first1= |interviewer-link1= |interviewer-last2= |interviewer-first2= |interviewer-link2= |interviewer-mask1= |interviewer-mask2= |display-interviewers= |season= |series-number= |series-separator= |network= |station= |transcript= |transcript-url= |transcript-format= |conference= |conference-url= |conference-format=}}

Full parameter set in horizontal format Template:Cite xxxxx The above set is organised contextually rather than alphabetically. The following parameters, which are usually available for at least a few cite templates, are not included in the full parameter set above: |authors=; |book-title=; |class=; |degree=; |docket=; |encyclopedia=; |mailing-list=; |message-id=; |number=; |publication-date=; |section=; |sheet=; |sheets=; |title-link=; |s2cid=.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Anyone can submit Bug Reports without logging in.
  2. ^ Limited to 5 users on free plan (see Pricing - bitbucket.org)
  3. ^ a b Self hosted version is known as BitBucket Server and only supports Git repositories
  4. ^ Builds are run in Docker containers
  5. ^ Requires one to log in to report a Bug.
  6. ^ Has an open source FOSS edition and commercial Enterprise Edition
  7. ^ Currently only available for security vulnerability updates
  8. ^ Ubuntu
  9. ^ Private repositories can be used to set up a project before going live. However, SourceForge requires that the project remains open source. See SourceForge Support.
  10. ^ GitLab is not fundamentally organized by projects, so the count is somewhat difficult.

References

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