Articulation Modifier
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Without diacritic
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With diacritic
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Rule
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File:DtsD Example Phonation Modificator.svg Uphimbo
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∅V
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ɦV
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- When the modifier is the only symbol along the vowel, it becomes a Voiced glottal fricative.
- When applied to a nasal or a rhotic consonant, its shifts their phonation from modal to breathy voiced.
- When applied to any other consonant, it becomes voiced.
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N / R
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N̤ / R̤
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p / t / k
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b / d / g
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File:DtsD Example Airstream Modificator.svg Ingungwana (Inside isiBheqe)
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pʰ / tʰ / ᵏǃʰ
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pʼ / tʼ / kʼ
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- When the consonant is unvoiced and aspirated, the diacritic shifts its airstream to be ejective. If the language doesn't have ejectives, then it turns into its plain form.
- When the consonant is breathy voiced, it becomes implosive. If the language doesn't have implosives, then it turns into its plain form.
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pʰ / tʰ / ᵏǃʰ
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p / t / ᵏǃ
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b̤ / d̤ / g̤
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ɓ / ɗ / ɠ
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b̤ / d̤ / g̤
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b / d / g
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File:DtsD Example Consonant Prenasalization.svg Ingungu
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b / k
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ᵐb / ᵑk
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- When the diacritic is applied, the consonant becomes prenasalized. These occur with other consonant graphemes, and are distinct from the bilabial nasal /m/ that occurs on its own. No additional lines need be added to the ingungu when it occurs with other consonants, as the place of articulation is given by them instead.
- When its used on an ejective click consonant, hte ingungu symbolized prenasalization. If it's a plain click, then the click becomes a nasal one.
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ᵏǃʼ / ᵏǁʼ
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ŋᵏǃʼ / ŋᵏǁʼ
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ᵏǃʰ / ᶢǀʰ
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ᵑǃ / ᵑǀʱ
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