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Cochinchina is a term applied to a puppet state in central China during the Second Japanese-Chinese War (1937-1945). It was established by Wang Chingwei who became head of state of the Japanese supported collaborationist government based in Nanjing. Its name should not be confused with the city of Chochinchina in Vietnam. Its flag was similar to that of the present-day Republic of China (Taiwan).
During the war, the Japanese Army committed atrocities in the area, notably the Rape of Nanjing. At the time the Commander of the Japanese forces was General Toshizo Nishio. He represented the Japanese Government on land and served as Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Japanese Army expeditionary forces on all China mainland fronts. He was succeeded by General Neiji Okamura.
On September 9, 1945, following the defeat of Japan in World War II, the area was surrendered to General Ho Ying-ching, a Chinese Commander serving General Chiang Kai-shek.
Political limits and extension
This state consisted of the Japanese-held territories of Kiangsu, Anhwei, and the north sector of Chekiang, from 1937. Its political borders changed along with movement in the Japanese front lines. For example, when Japan launched a December 1941 offensive, the state extended to Honan, Hupei and parts of Shansi province. The important port of Shanghai, and for shorter times Hankow and Wuchang, were under its control. The puppet state collapsed with the Japanese defeat in August 1945.
- Anhwei: 51,888 square miles
- Capital: Anking (and included the national capital of Nanjing)
- Kiangsu: 41,818 square miles
- Capital: Chingkiang
- Chekiang: 39,780 square miles
- Capital: Hangchow
Though the north sector of Shangtung and Hopeh theoretically formed part of this political entity, these areas were actually administered by the Commander of the Japanese North Front. The south sector also had a Japanese military commander. Each front was essentially its own Japanese military fief with its own political administration, economy, and leadership under the Japanese commander.
Government, economy, education and everyday life
Government and political adminstration
This temporary state was founded March 29, 1940. It had a local administration with "local" Yuan Legislative (Parliament), and "native" Cabinet, the Yuan Executive under the Japanese-supported President and Head of State, Wang Chingwei. The real political power, however, remained with the Commander of the Japanese Army Central Chinese Front and the respective Japanese political entity formed by Japanese Counsellors. The "government" had its center in Nanjing, under strict supervision by the Japanese occupiers. It was known by several names including the Chinese National Government, Central National Government or the Republic of China-Nanjing. The Japanese set up local "nationalist" parties and movements, which supported the Japanese cause.
After obtain the approval of the Japanese to establish a Nationalist government in Nanjing with himself as leader, Wang ordered a The Sixth Guomindang Representative Congress to establish the government, the conference hall flanked by the "blue-sky white-sun red-earth" national flag as well as the "blue-sky white-sun" Nationalist Party flag, which flanked a large portrait of Sun Yat-Sen. And on March 19, 1940, just before the session of the Central Political Conference which finalized the government preparation process, he visited Sun's tomb in Nanjing's Purple Mountain. Wang attempted to establish the legitimacy of his government as the successor of Sun Yat-sen. As a confidant to Sun, he transcribed Sun's will, or the Zongli's Testament and was a high level official in the Nationalist government.
In order to discredit the legitimacy of the Chongquing government, Wang needed to adopt the flag of the Nationalist government of China. This would, he hoped, establish Wang as the rightful successor to Sun, bringing the government back home to Nanjing.
German Connections with Wang Chingwei
During political actions of Nationalist government in Nanjing previous at Japanese Invasion,Wang Chingwei formed part of Nationalist Stablishment.during somes nationalist internal revolutionary actions in city, one Young officer of 19°Route nationalist Army shooting against Wang and other important servants in Nanjing;Wang Chingwei(in these times exist somes relations with German Goverment) travel to Germany for receiving medical attention for your grave hurts,but when he knowed about Sian Incident sucessess,he realizing travel to Berlin for celebrated one secret conference with Adolph Hitler,and taken airplane for return to China Mainland with objetive of taken central government.
Wang poses great influence in government and your partidaires stay in clave positions in Hankow and other chinese cities.he sustained at Generalisimo Chiang Kai shek, why the peace with Japanese are well why comunist victory.the Guomingdang forbiden al Young organization and ordered why all students are incorporated to semi-fascists" 1° Young Corps San Min Chu",organized with similar pattern of German and Italian fascist Young organizations. existing some lazes with Italy debt at certain italian citizens in china aided in active form at Wang Chingwei government during conflict. others supporters are White russians and germans in area during your colaborationist government.
The Beijing administration(East Yi Anti-Comunist Autonomous Administration) was under the commander-in-chief of the Japanes North China Front, until the Yellow River area came under the influence sphere of the Central Chinese Front. During this same time period the middle Chekiang to the Canton area was administered from the South Chinese Front. These small largely independent 'fiefs' had local money, local leaders, and frequent squabbles.
These political phenomena were analyzed by the American journalist Jim Tew who worked on the Japanese Advertiser, a Japanese independent newspaper, which was American-owned. (He was also aware of the realities in Mengjiang and the White Russian anti-communist parties authorized by the Japanese Army in Manchukuo.)
The case of the Nanjing pro-Japanese administration was researched by Chester Holcombe, a young journalist from Rochester, New York, who arriving to Shanghai to interview the "head of government". This interview was published in the newspaper of Shanghai, The China Weekly Review, under the title The Nanjing Prisoner. This annoyed the Japanese Army and the local civil establishment. Holcombe was blacklisted, and death threats were made against him if he returned.
Wang Chingwei traveled to the Japanese capital (Tokyo) in 1941 for meetings with his Japanese overseers. In Tokyo the "Nanjing Government" Minister and Vice president Chou Fo-hai commented to the Asahi Shimbun that the Japanese establishment was making little progress in the Nanjing area. This quote provoked anger from Kumataro Honda, the Japanese Ambassador and Consellor in Nanjing. Chou Fo-hai petitioned for total control of its central provinces for the "National Government".
A common monopolistic economic policy was applied in the area, to the benefit of Japanese zaibatsu and local representatives, with the permission of Japanese Army, when supposedly these companies had equal treatment with the "local" Chinese companies of the "Government". The President of the Yuan legislative in Nanjing, Cheng Kung-po, commented on this to theKaizo Japanese review. The "nation" had an Embassy in Yokohama (as Manchukuo did).
Economy
The local economy was administered primarily for the Japanese Army of the Central Front. Military planners installed an Occupation Economy with wartime money. A "local" Central Bank and supposed "native" entities, but administered for Japanese consellors and Japanese Army in the area. The natives had more access coveted war-time luxuries and Japanese Army possesed things such as matches, rice, tea, coffee, cigars, foods and liquours that were scarce in Japan proper. Additional entertainment such as Brothels, casinos and bars were managed by the Japanese and local servants for the military. The purpose of this control was alleguedly to impeded the monetry depreciation of Yen so as to maintain strength of Japanese currency on the continent.
Education
Education in Cochinchina was similar to that in other areas of China administered by Japan. The Japanese strategy was to create suitable workers for factories, mines, and manual labor. Some pressed for more meaningful "native" progress under Japanese rule. This is similar to activities that occurred in Manchukuo. The Japanese attempted to introduce elements of their own culture and dress as well as the creation of cultural foundations, Shinto temples and similar centers in order to instill their culture and values on the local population. These activities came to a halt at the end of the war.
Daily life
Daily life was difficult in both the puppet state of the Japanese and the Japanese mainland. The Japanese Kempeitai, local police and the locals in the service of the Japanese censored all information, monitored any opposition and tortured enemies. The local residents used the Black Market to obtain needed items or to influence the ruling power establishment. Japanese stablished POW detention centers, Concentration camps as well as Kamikaze training centers for indoctrinating pilots.
Population
The population was, probably, approximately in line with these 1937-38 interior affairs ministry figures:
- Kiangsu: 15,804,623
- Anhwei: 23,354,188
- Chekiang: 21,230,749
with no account taken of the outer regions or areas occupied by later advances.
The major cities were:
- Nanjing: More than a million inhabitants
- Shanghai: 3,703,430 (75,000 foreigners)
- Soochow: 576,000
- Hangchow: 389,000
- Shaoning: 250000
- Ningpoo: 250000
- Hankow: 804,526 (during its temporary control)
National defense
The Japanese Army during its control decided to organize a local puppet army, supposedly to defend the "nation". In reality it served as a second line and security army for the Chinese war. For this purpose they organized a local air force, giving some Nakajima Ki-34 "Thora" (for military activities and troop transport), Nakajima Ki-27b "Nate", Tachikawa Ki-55 "Ida" (for training), Tachikawa Ki-9 "Spruce" (reconnaissance and training) and some Nakajima Ki-43Ia Hayabusa "Oscar" (for defense).
For the native army, Japan provided someType 94 TK Ligth Tank, Type 89 Medium Tanks and Type 95 Light Tanks ("Ha-Go"),German Helmets, cannon, mortars, light AA cannon, Type 38 Year Meiji Carbine, Arisaka rifles, Type 99 Rifles and Nambu pistols. This is probably why the Imperial Japanese Navy assumed total control of Shanghai seaport, and rivers port in Hankow and Wuchang. The nation had a regular police service under Japanese control. This is likely similar to the situation at Kangde. The local politicians and media consistently provided pro-Japanese propoganda. It would include phrases praising the "heroic efforts of the Imperal troops" and would argue for a "national defense against communism and western interests".
during conflicts in Chinese central area Japanese utilized diffrent tecniques for recruiting "voluntaires" at your collaborationist forces.for example for media of local servants how Tao-liang,one great local landowner why using your contacts for recruit local peasants for money or foods or Nanjing-Pro Japanese governor with similar methods.theirs obtain ones 5,000 "voluntaires" in Anhwei area for local Nanjing Army.
other sistem if subcontract at local delictive bandits with drug traffics money,weapons,or sacking products for making in your servers.with these sistem obtain well aiders to criminal orders in fronts or served how antiguerrilla units during conflict in area.
Japanese used another methods for gaining local population in Central provinces.at first times lands are dominated for terror ,but debt at analizes for Japanese military ideologysts changed the sistem: during 1939 japanese army confiscated propierties of great landowners to divided in little propierties for guiving at local peasants how giving in moon year,and sended candies & foods to childrens and ordered to Japanese soldiers for no violated any women in area.additionally theirs envoyed your medical services at chinese persons for vacunated against Viruela Cholera,typhus and treatment other diseases.other method for obtain surrender of Chinese are why japanese airplanes launchered paper leaflets with instructions for how arriving at any japanese detachment with white surrender flag and receiving the instructions for giving weapon for receiving money or food or other similar procedures.
Chinese forces captured some soldiers of Wang Chingwei Army during figths.one of these prisoners are the mens under Wang Bu-ching ,general of Nanjing Pro-japanese Army.the enemy prisoners of low level sugest to integtrated at figth joining at anti-japanese forces,but at higth rank prisoners are executed.
Farming and mining
Before and during Japanese Control of this "nation", the farming possibilities were as follows:
Winter Wheat and Kaoliang Zone
- Precipitation in Inches:24
- Growning Epoch, in days:241
- Land Cultivated in square Miles:118,993
- Land Cultivated in total percentages:47 or 68%
- Percentage of Peasants arrendataries:5%
- principal Cultive Surfaces per farms in Acres:5,1
- Peasant population for square mile of principal farming:1,165
-Distribution Surface of Farmings, for products and percentages:
- Wheat:46%
- Mice:23%
- Corn:16%
- Cotton:9%
- Kaoliang:19%
-Distribution of Domestic Animals in percentages:
- Oxes:40%
- Donkeys:21%
- Mules:16%
-Localities with determined transport media in percentages:
- Loaders:32%
- Hand carts:36%
- Loader Animal:21%
- Carts:60%
-Typical products:
- Azufaifes, Forages.
Yangtze Rice and Wheat Zone
- Precipitation in Inches:42
- Growning Epoch, in days:293
- Land Cultivated in square Miles:40,328
- Land Cultivated in total percentages:61 or 25%%
- Percentage of Peasants arrendataries:25%
- principal Cultive Surfaces per farms in Acres:3,5
- Peasant population for square mile of principal farming:1,360
-Distribution Surface of Farmings, for products and percentages:
- Rice:58%
- Wheat:31%
- Cotton:13%
- Barley:19%
-Distribution of Domestic Animals in percentages:
- Oxes:40%
- Carabao:42%
- Pigs:15%
-Localities with determined transport media in percentages:
- Loaders:41%
- Hand carts:22%
- little vessels % boats:33%
-Typical products:
- Bamboo.
Land in cultivation
- Anhwei:
- Percentage of land in cultivation: 22.7%
- Acres of cultivated land per person: 0.38
- Kiangsu:
- Percentage of land in cultivation: 52.4%
- Acres extension of cultivated land per person:0,39
- Chekiang:
- Percentage of land in cultivation: 26.3%
- Acres extension of cultivatd land per person:0,30
For mining resources see Empire of Japan (natural resources, Asia mainland and Pacific areas, after 1937)
Industry & Commerce
over industry and commerce, in Shanghai exist more factories for developed the silk and cotton, much of theirs with Japanese and foreing capital previous at war.other notably instalation if the "Shanghai Power Plant" in plenty center of city, with capacity of produced ones 200,000 Kilowatts. these powerplant use coal of North china and other chinese areas.about commerce from 1843, to present the port of Shanghai are one commerce door of china, why during 1935 are the most importanf joining at New York, Londres, San Francisco, Kobe, Liverpool, Los Angeles, Hong-Kong, Hamburg and Rotterdam.these city poses other industries for practically poses the cuasy midde of total of all Chinese modern industry in this time.additional to South Manchurian Railway Company and for linking the north china and Central china rails,Japanese civil stablisment,chinese local bussinessmens servants and Imperial Japanese Army,founded in Hopei,Shangtung and Northem chinese areas,the North China Railway Company.at same time in Nanjing Pro-Japanese Govern ment with accord of "native" Japanese Stablishmen and Japanese Central Chinese Army autorities,organized the Central China Railway Company for managed Ahnwei,Kiangsu,north Chekiang and your links with rails in nearest areas and Southern Japanese Chinese Army held lands,for economical and strategical reasons.is probably why how Manchu case,Japanese organized your "local" Shipping merchant vessel company and Commerce Autority Entity for managed of Commercial traffic in Shanghai International port in these days.
Figths and other military succes in area
-This section if related over Figthings and combats in area:
- The First Shanghai Incident
Date : Feb., 1932 Place : Shanghai, China Opponent : Chinese Army
-Tank Unit----2nd Independent Tank Company -Commander---- Captain Shigemi -Tanks----5 Type 89 Medium Tanks, 10 Renault NC27s
By the influence of the Manchurian Incident, a battle between Japan
and China occurred in Shanghai. Japan sent a tank company in order
to support the Shanghai SNLF, which were fighting in Shanghai.
In Shanghai there were lots of creek and houses were crowded, so the attacks by the tanks were frequently checked by the Chinese forces.
During this battle, the tank made in Japan had shown a good performance in action. On the other hand, the suspension of the Renault tank was fragile and caused lots of troubles. Renault tanks had been retired after this battle.
- The Second Shanghai Incident
Date : Aug., 1937 Place : Shanghai, China Opponent : Chinese Army
-Tank Unit----5th Tank Battalion -Commander----Colonel Hosomi -Tanks----32 Type 89 Medium Tanks, 15 Type 94 Tankettes
When the Sino-Japanese war began, the Chinese attacked
the Japanese in the settlement of Shanghai. There, the Shanghai
SNLF (2,500 men) was defending the settlement, but they were
outnumbered by the Chinese (50,000 men). Japan sent two divisions
and other units including one tank battalion to Shanghai.
The Japanese forces landed on the north of Shanghai and attacked the Chinese in the suburbs of Shanghai. However, there are many creeks and the Chinese were resisting strongly, so the Japanese fought desperately to raise the siege of the Chinese. After one month fight, the Chinese were driven away from Shanghai.
- Battle of Chekiang-Kiangsi(April 18,1942):
-Note: As a conseuqence of the Doolittle raid, Japanese forces began intensive operations on the Chinese central front.
On April 18,1942,USAAF B-25 Mitchellaircraft took off from theUSS Hornet, a US Navy aircraft carrier, in an effort to bomb Tokyo, Yokohama and Nagoya. Called the Doolittle raid, after the commander of the raid, Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle, this attack caused minimal damage. The original plan for the attack was to land at friendly Chinese airfields beyond the control of the Japanese occupation forces. Because the aircraft had to take off from the aircraft carrier earlier than planned, however, most of the aircraft crashed in Japanese-occupied areas. Since the Japanese occupying forces realized that the aircraft had originally intended to land in friendly hidden airfields of Middle Chekiang, the Japanese Army Dai Honei (General Headquarters)in Tokyo, ordered the Imperial Japanese Army expeditionary Forces and Chinese local collaborationist army elements in the Chinese Central Area to occupy these airfields rapidly to prevent further American air attacks on the Japanese homeland. These Japanese-led attacks are called the Chekiang-Kiangsi campaign.
observed the general situation,Supreme Chinese Commander-in-Chief General Chiang Kai-shek in coordination with American forces in China,ordered at 3° War Zone why prevent decisive encounters , mantain sustain resistance and recovered the Americans ,having this realizing during combats for third Months. in theirs Japanese suffering 17,000 losses and somes USAAF Airmens are rescued and sended to secure chinese pro Allied positions.for suppose japanese forces take revenge with all natives why poses souvenirs things of Americans or giving refugee at theirs commited massive assasinations and burned towns and other war crimes in your retireing too.in these days Japanese forces having captured Philippines,Burma,Malaysia,and Dutch Indies.
Another Japanese-Made "Nations" in Chinese held lands
respect at existance of other Japanese-Made "Countries" or "Political Independent" entities in China Mainland,see next link: